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3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Argv.hpp

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+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:argv_hpp:verbatim]
+namespace detail {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+/// Decode and return UTF-8 argv from GetCommandLineW.
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> compute_win32_argv();
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+// [CLI11:argv_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Argv_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/CLI.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// CLI Library includes
+// Order is important for combiner script
+
+// IWYU pragma: begin_exports
+
+#include "Version.hpp"
+
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+
+#include "Encoding.hpp"
+
+#include "Argv.hpp"
+
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+
+#include "Error.hpp"
+
+#include "TypeTools.hpp"
+
+#include "Split.hpp"
+
+#include "ConfigFwd.hpp"
+
+#include "Validators.hpp"
+
+#include "FormatterFwd.hpp"
+
+#include "Option.hpp"
+
+#include "App.hpp"
+
+#include "Config.hpp"
+
+#include "Formatter.hpp"
+
+#include "ExtraValidators.hpp"
+
+// IWYU pragma: end_exports

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Config.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "App.hpp"
+#include "ConfigFwd.hpp"
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:config_hpp:verbatim]
+namespace detail {
+
+std::string convert_arg_for_ini(const std::string &arg,
+                                char stringQuote = '"',
+                                char literalQuote = '\'',
+                                bool disable_multi_line = false);
+
+/// Comma separated join, adds quotes if needed
+std::string ini_join(const std::vector<std::string> &args,
+                     char sepChar = ',',
+                     char arrayStart = '[',
+                     char arrayEnd = ']',
+                     char stringQuote = '"',
+                     char literalQuote = '\'');
+
+void clean_name_string(std::string &name, const std::string &keyChars);
+
+std::vector<std::string> generate_parents(const std::string &section, std::string &name, char parentSeparator);
+
+/// assuming non default segments do a check on the close and open of the segments in a configItem structure
+void checkParentSegments(std::vector<ConfigItem> &output, const std::string &currentSection, char parentSeparator);
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// [CLI11:config_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Config_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/ConfigFwd.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+#include "Error.hpp"
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:config_fwd_hpp:verbatim]
+
+class App;
+
+/// enumeration of output modes for writing config files
+enum class ConfigOutputMode : std::uint8_t { Active = 0, AllDefaults, ActiveSubcommandDefaults };
+
+/// Holds values to load into Options
+struct ConfigItem {
+    /// This is the list of parents
+    std::vector<std::string> parents{};
+
+    /// This is the name
+    std::string name{};
+    /// Listing of inputs
+    std::vector<std::string> inputs{};
+    /// @brief indicator if a multiline vector separator was inserted
+    bool multiline{false};
+    /// The list of parents and name joined by "."
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string fullname() const;
+};
+
+/// This class provides a converter for configuration files.
+class Config {
+  protected:
+    std::vector<ConfigItem> items{};
+
+  public:
+    /// Convert an app into a configuration
+    virtual std::string to_config(const App *, bool, bool, std::string) const = 0;
+
+    /// Convert an app into a configuration
+    virtual std::string
+    to_config(const App *app, ConfigOutputMode mode, bool write_description, std::string prefix) const;
+
+    /// Convert a configuration into an app
+    virtual std::vector<ConfigItem> from_config(std::istream &) const = 0;
+
+    /// Get a flag value
+    CLI11_NODISCARD virtual std::string to_flag(const ConfigItem &item) const;
+
+    /// Parse a config file, throw an error (ParseError:ConfigParseError or FileError) on failure
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::vector<ConfigItem> from_file(const std::string &name) const;
+
+    /// Virtual destructor
+    virtual ~Config() = default;
+};
+
+/// This converter works with INI/TOML files; to write INI files use ConfigINI
+class ConfigBase : public Config {
+  protected:
+    /// the character used for comments
+    char commentChar = '#';
+    /// the character used to start an array '\0' is a default to not use
+    char arrayStart = '[';
+    /// the character used to end an array '\0' is a default to not use
+    char arrayEnd = ']';
+    /// the character used to separate elements in an array
+    char arraySeparator = ',';
+    /// the character used separate the name from the value
+    char valueDelimiter = '=';
+    /// the character to use around strings
+    char stringQuote = '"';
+    /// the character to use around single characters and literal strings
+    char literalQuote = '\'';
+    /// the maximum number of layers to allow
+    std::uint8_t maximumLayers{255};
+    /// the separator used to separator parent layers
+    char parentSeparatorChar{'.'};
+    /// comment default values
+    bool commentDefaultsBool = false;
+    /// specify the config reader should collapse repeated field names to a single vector
+    bool allowMultipleDuplicateFields{false};
+    /// Specify the configuration index to use for arrayed sections
+    int16_t configIndex{-1};
+    /// Specify the configuration section that should be used
+    std::string configSection{};
+
+  public:
+    std::string
+    to_config(const App * /*app*/, ConfigOutputMode mode, bool write_description, std::string prefix) const override;
+
+    std::string
+    to_config(const App * /*app*/, bool default_also, bool write_description, std::string prefix) const override;
+
+    std::vector<ConfigItem> from_config(std::istream &input) const override;
+    /// Specify the configuration for comment characters
+    ConfigBase *comment(char cchar) {
+        commentChar = cchar;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the start and end characters for an array
+    ConfigBase *arrayBounds(char aStart, char aEnd) {
+        arrayStart = aStart;
+        arrayEnd = aEnd;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the delimiter character for an array
+    ConfigBase *arrayDelimiter(char aSep) {
+        arraySeparator = aSep;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the delimiter between a name and value
+    ConfigBase *valueSeparator(char vSep) {
+        valueDelimiter = vSep;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the quote characters used around strings and literal strings
+    ConfigBase *quoteCharacter(char qString, char literalChar) {
+        stringQuote = qString;
+        literalQuote = literalChar;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the maximum number of parents
+    ConfigBase *maxLayers(uint8_t layers) {
+        maximumLayers = layers;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the separator to use for parent layers
+    ConfigBase *parentSeparator(char sep) {
+        parentSeparatorChar = sep;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// comment default value options
+    ConfigBase *commentDefaults(bool comDef = true) {
+        commentDefaultsBool = comDef;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// get a reference to the configuration section
+    std::string &sectionRef() { return configSection; }
+    /// get the section
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &section() const { return configSection; }
+    /// specify a particular section of the configuration file to use
+    ConfigBase *section(const std::string &sectionName) {
+        configSection = sectionName;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// get a reference to the configuration index
+    int16_t &indexRef() { return configIndex; }
+    /// get the section index
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int16_t index() const { return configIndex; }
+    /// specify a particular index in the section to use (-1) for all sections to use
+    ConfigBase *index(int16_t sectionIndex) {
+        configIndex = sectionIndex;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// specify that multiple duplicate arguments should be merged even if not sequential
+    ConfigBase *allowDuplicateFields(bool value = true) {
+        allowMultipleDuplicateFields = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+
+/// the default Config is the TOML file format
+using ConfigTOML = ConfigBase;
+
+/// ConfigINI generates a "standard" INI compliant output
+class ConfigINI : public ConfigTOML {
+
+  public:
+    ConfigINI();
+};
+// [CLI11:config_fwd_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Encoding.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+// [CLI11:encoding_includes:verbatim]
+#if defined(CLI11_CPP17) || (defined(CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM) && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0)
+#include <string_view>
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+#include <filesystem>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// [CLI11:encoding_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:encoding_hpp:verbatim]
+
+/// Convert a wide string to a narrow string.
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(const std::wstring &str);
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(const wchar_t *str);
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(const wchar_t *str, std::size_t size);
+
+/// Convert a narrow string to a wide string.
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(const std::string &str);
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(const char *str);
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(const char *str, std::size_t size);
+
+#ifdef CLI11_CPP17
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(std::wstring_view str);
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(std::string_view str);
+#endif  // CLI11_CPP17
+
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+/// Convert a char-string to a native path correctly.
+CLI11_INLINE std::filesystem::path to_path(std::string_view str);
+#endif  // CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM
+
+// [CLI11:encoding_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Encoding_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Error.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+// CLI library includes
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:error_hpp:verbatim]
+
+// Use one of these on all error classes.
+// These are temporary and are undef'd at the end of this file.
+#define CLI11_ERROR_DEF(parent, name)                                                                                  \
+  protected:                                                                                                           \
+    name(std::string ename, std::string msg, int exit_code) : parent(std::move(ename), std::move(msg), exit_code) {}   \
+    name(std::string ename, std::string msg, ExitCodes exit_code)                                                      \
+        : parent(std::move(ename), std::move(msg), exit_code) {}                                                       \
+                                                                                                                       \
+  public:                                                                                                              \
+    name(std::string msg, ExitCodes exit_code) : parent(#name, std::move(msg), exit_code) {}                           \
+    name(std::string msg, int exit_code) : parent(#name, std::move(msg), exit_code) {}
+
+// This is added after the one above if a class is used directly and builds its own message
+#define CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(name)                                                                                       \
+    explicit name(std::string msg) : name(#name, std::move(msg), ExitCodes::name) {}
+
+/// These codes are part of every error in CLI. They can be obtained from e using e.exit_code or as a quick shortcut,
+/// int values from e.get_error_code().
+enum class ExitCodes : int {
+    Success = 0,
+    IncorrectConstruction = 100,
+    BadNameString,
+    OptionAlreadyAdded,
+    FileError,
+    ConversionError,
+    ValidationError,
+    RequiredError,
+    RequiresError,
+    ExcludesError,
+    ExtrasError,
+    ConfigError,
+    InvalidError,
+    HorribleError,
+    OptionNotFound,
+    ArgumentMismatch,
+    BaseClass = 127
+};
+
+// Error definitions
+
+/// @defgroup error_group Errors
+/// @brief Errors thrown by CLI11
+///
+/// These are the errors that can be thrown. Some of them, like CLI::Success, are not really errors.
+/// @{
+
+/// All errors derive from this one
+class Error : public std::runtime_error {
+    int actual_exit_code;
+    std::string error_name{"Error"};
+
+  public:
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_exit_code() const { return actual_exit_code; }
+
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_name() const { return error_name; }
+
+    Error(std::string name, std::string msg, int exit_code = static_cast<int>(ExitCodes::BaseClass))
+        : runtime_error(msg), actual_exit_code(exit_code), error_name(std::move(name)) {}
+
+    Error(std::string name, std::string msg, ExitCodes exit_code)
+        : Error(std::move(name), std::move(msg), static_cast<int>(exit_code)) {}
+};
+
+// Note: Using Error::Error constructors does not work on GCC 4.7
+
+/// Construction errors (not in parsing)
+class ConstructionError : public Error {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(Error, ConstructionError)
+};
+
+/// Thrown when an option is set to conflicting values (non-vector and multi args, for example)
+class IncorrectConstruction : public ConstructionError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ConstructionError, IncorrectConstruction)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(IncorrectConstruction)
+    static IncorrectConstruction PositionalFlag(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction(name + ": Flags cannot be positional");
+    }
+    static IncorrectConstruction Set0Opt(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction(name + ": Cannot set 0 expected, use a flag instead");
+    }
+    static IncorrectConstruction SetFlag(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction(name + ": Cannot set an expected number for flags");
+    }
+    static IncorrectConstruction ChangeNotVector(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction(name + ": You can only change the expected arguments for vectors");
+    }
+    static IncorrectConstruction AfterMultiOpt(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction(
+            name + ": You can't change expected arguments after you've changed the multi option policy!");
+    }
+    static IncorrectConstruction MissingOption(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction("Option " + name + " is not defined");
+    }
+    static IncorrectConstruction MultiOptionPolicy(std::string name) {
+        return IncorrectConstruction(name + ": multi_option_policy only works for flags and exact value options");
+    }
+};
+
+/// Thrown on construction of a bad name
+class BadNameString : public ConstructionError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ConstructionError, BadNameString)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(BadNameString)
+    static BadNameString OneCharName(std::string name) { return BadNameString("Invalid one char name: " + name); }
+    static BadNameString MissingDash(std::string name) {
+        return BadNameString("Long names strings require 2 dashes " + name);
+    }
+    static BadNameString BadLongName(std::string name) { return BadNameString("Bad long name: " + name); }
+    static BadNameString BadPositionalName(std::string name) {
+        return BadNameString("Invalid positional Name: " + name);
+    }
+    static BadNameString ReservedName(std::string name) {
+        return BadNameString("Names '-','--','++' are reserved and not allowed as option names " + name);
+    }
+    static BadNameString MultiPositionalNames(std::string name) {
+        return BadNameString("Only one positional name allowed, remove: " + name);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Thrown when an option already exists
+class OptionAlreadyAdded : public ConstructionError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ConstructionError, OptionAlreadyAdded)
+    explicit OptionAlreadyAdded(std::string name)
+        : OptionAlreadyAdded(name + " is already added", ExitCodes::OptionAlreadyAdded) {}
+    static OptionAlreadyAdded Requires(std::string name, std::string other) {
+        return {name + " requires " + other, ExitCodes::OptionAlreadyAdded};
+    }
+    static OptionAlreadyAdded Excludes(std::string name, std::string other) {
+        return {name + " excludes " + other, ExitCodes::OptionAlreadyAdded};
+    }
+};
+
+// Parsing errors
+
+/// Anything that can error in Parse
+class ParseError : public Error {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(Error, ParseError)
+};
+
+// Not really "errors"
+
+/// This is a successful completion on parsing, supposed to exit
+class Success : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, Success)
+    Success() : Success("Successfully completed, should be caught and quit", ExitCodes::Success) {}
+};
+
+/// -h or --help on command line
+class CallForHelp : public Success {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(Success, CallForHelp)
+    CallForHelp() : CallForHelp("This should be caught in your main function, see examples", ExitCodes::Success) {}
+};
+
+/// Usually something like --help-all on command line
+class CallForAllHelp : public Success {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(Success, CallForAllHelp)
+    CallForAllHelp()
+        : CallForAllHelp("This should be caught in your main function, see examples", ExitCodes::Success) {}
+};
+
+/// -v or --version on command line
+class CallForVersion : public Success {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(Success, CallForVersion)
+    CallForVersion()
+        : CallForVersion("This should be caught in your main function, see examples", ExitCodes::Success) {}
+};
+
+/// Does not output a diagnostic in CLI11_PARSE, but allows main() to return with a specific error code.
+class RuntimeError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, RuntimeError)
+    explicit RuntimeError(int exit_code = 1) : RuntimeError("Runtime error", exit_code) {}
+};
+
+/// Thrown when parsing an INI file and it is missing
+class FileError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, FileError)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(FileError)
+    static FileError Missing(std::string name) { return FileError(name + " was not readable (missing?)"); }
+};
+
+/// Thrown when conversion call back fails, such as when an int fails to coerce to a string
+class ConversionError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, ConversionError)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(ConversionError)
+    ConversionError(std::string member, std::string name)
+        : ConversionError("The value " + member + " is not an allowed value for " + name) {}
+    ConversionError(std::string name, std::vector<std::string> results)
+        : ConversionError("Could not convert: " + name + " = " + detail::join(results)) {}
+    static ConversionError TooManyInputsFlag(std::string name) {
+        return ConversionError(name + ": too many inputs for a flag");
+    }
+    static ConversionError TrueFalse(std::string name) {
+        return ConversionError(name + ": Should be true/false or a number");
+    }
+};
+
+/// Thrown when validation of results fails
+class ValidationError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, ValidationError)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(ValidationError)
+    explicit ValidationError(std::string name, std::string msg) : ValidationError(name + ": " + msg) {}
+};
+
+/// Thrown when a required option is missing
+class RequiredError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, RequiredError)
+    explicit RequiredError(std::string name) : RequiredError(name + " is required", ExitCodes::RequiredError) {}
+    static RequiredError Subcommand(std::size_t min_subcom) {
+        if(min_subcom == 1) {
+            return RequiredError("A subcommand");
+        }
+        return {"Requires at least " + std::to_string(min_subcom) + " subcommands", ExitCodes::RequiredError};
+    }
+    static RequiredError
+    Option(std::size_t min_option, std::size_t max_option, std::size_t used, const std::string &option_list) {
+        if((min_option == 1) && (max_option == 1) && (used == 0))
+            return RequiredError("Exactly 1 option from [" + option_list + "]");
+        if((min_option == 1) && (max_option == 1) && (used > 1)) {
+            return {"Exactly 1 option from [" + option_list + "] is required but " + std::to_string(used) +
+                        " were given",
+                    ExitCodes::RequiredError};
+        }
+        if((min_option == 1) && (used == 0))
+            return RequiredError("At least 1 option from [" + option_list + "]");
+        if(used < min_option) {
+            return {"Requires at least " + std::to_string(min_option) + " options used but only " +
+                        std::to_string(used) + " were given from [" + option_list + "]",
+                    ExitCodes::RequiredError};
+        }
+        if(max_option == 1)
+            return {"Requires at most 1 options be given from [" + option_list + "]", ExitCodes::RequiredError};
+
+        return {"Requires at most " + std::to_string(max_option) + " options be used but " + std::to_string(used) +
+                    " were given from [" + option_list + "]",
+                ExitCodes::RequiredError};
+    }
+};
+
+/// Thrown when the wrong number of arguments has been received
+class ArgumentMismatch : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, ArgumentMismatch)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(ArgumentMismatch)
+    ArgumentMismatch(std::string name, int expected, std::size_t received)
+        : ArgumentMismatch(expected > 0 ? ("Expected exactly " + std::to_string(expected) + " arguments to " + name +
+                                           ", got " + std::to_string(received))
+                                        : ("Expected at least " + std::to_string(-expected) + " arguments to " + name +
+                                           ", got " + std::to_string(received)),
+                           ExitCodes::ArgumentMismatch) {}
+
+    static ArgumentMismatch AtLeast(std::string name, int num, std::size_t received) {
+        return ArgumentMismatch(name + ": At least " + std::to_string(num) + " required but received " +
+                                std::to_string(received));
+    }
+    static ArgumentMismatch AtMost(std::string name, int num, std::size_t received) {
+        return ArgumentMismatch(name + ": At most " + std::to_string(num) + " required but received " +
+                                std::to_string(received));
+    }
+    static ArgumentMismatch TypedAtLeast(std::string name, int num, std::string type) {
+        return ArgumentMismatch(name + ": " + std::to_string(num) + " required " + type + " missing");
+    }
+    static ArgumentMismatch FlagOverride(std::string name) {
+        return ArgumentMismatch(name + " was given a disallowed flag override");
+    }
+    static ArgumentMismatch PartialType(std::string name, int num, std::string type) {
+        return ArgumentMismatch(name + ": " + type + " only partially specified: " + std::to_string(num) +
+                                " required for each element");
+    }
+};
+
+/// Thrown when a requires option is missing
+class RequiresError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, RequiresError)
+    RequiresError(std::string curname, std::string subname)
+        : RequiresError(curname + " requires " + subname, ExitCodes::RequiresError) {}
+};
+
+/// Thrown when an excludes option is present
+class ExcludesError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, ExcludesError)
+    ExcludesError(std::string curname, std::string subname)
+        : ExcludesError(curname + " excludes " + subname, ExitCodes::ExcludesError) {}
+};
+
+/// Thrown when too many positionals or options are found
+class ExtrasError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, ExtrasError)
+    explicit ExtrasError(std::vector<std::string> args)
+        : ExtrasError((args.size() > 1 ? "The following arguments were not expected: "
+                                       : "The following argument was not expected: ") +
+                          detail::join(args, " "),
+                      ExitCodes::ExtrasError) {}
+    ExtrasError(const std::string &name, std::vector<std::string> args)
+        : ExtrasError((name.empty() ? std::string{} : name + ": ") +
+                          (args.size() > 1 ? "The following arguments were not expected: "
+                                           : "The following argument was not expected: ") +
+                          detail::join(args, " "),
+                      ExitCodes::ExtrasError) {}
+};
+
+/// Thrown when extra values are found in an INI file
+class ConfigError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, ConfigError)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(ConfigError)
+    static ConfigError Extras(std::string item) { return ConfigError("INI was not able to parse " + item); }
+    static ConfigError NotConfigurable(std::string item) {
+        return ConfigError(item + ": This option is not allowed in a configuration file");
+    }
+};
+
+/// Thrown when validation fails before parsing
+class InvalidError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, InvalidError)
+    explicit InvalidError(std::string name)
+        : InvalidError(name + ": Too many positional arguments with unlimited expected args", ExitCodes::InvalidError) {
+    }
+};
+
+/// This is just a safety check to verify selection and parsing match - you should not ever see it
+/// Strings are directly added to this error, but again, it should never be seen.
+class HorribleError : public ParseError {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(ParseError, HorribleError)
+    CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE(HorribleError)
+};
+
+// After parsing
+
+/// Thrown when counting a nonexistent option
+class OptionNotFound : public Error {
+    CLI11_ERROR_DEF(Error, OptionNotFound)
+    explicit OptionNotFound(std::string name) : OptionNotFound(name + " not found", ExitCodes::OptionNotFound) {}
+};
+
+#undef CLI11_ERROR_DEF
+#undef CLI11_ERROR_SIMPLE
+
+/// @}
+
+// [CLI11:error_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/ExtraValidators.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+#if (defined(CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS) && CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS != 0) ||                                  \
+    (!defined(CLI11_DISABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS) || CLI11_DISABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS == 0)
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+#include "Error.hpp"
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+#include "Validators.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <locale>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:extra_validators_hpp:verbatim]
+// The implementation of the extra validators is using the Validator class;
+// the user is only expected to use the const (static) versions (since there's no setup).
+// Therefore, this is in detail.
+namespace detail {
+
+/// Validate the given string is a legal ipv4 address
+class IPV4Validator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    IPV4Validator();
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/// Validate the input as a particular type
+template <typename DesiredType> class TypeValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    explicit TypeValidator(const std::string &validator_name)
+        : Validator(validator_name, [](std::string &input_string) {
+              using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+              auto val = DesiredType();
+              if(!lexical_cast(input_string, val)) {
+                  return std::string("Failed parsing ") + input_string + " as a " + detail::type_name<DesiredType>();
+              }
+              return std::string{};
+          }) {}
+    TypeValidator() : TypeValidator(detail::type_name<DesiredType>()) {}
+};
+
+/// Check for a number
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const TypeValidator<double> Number("NUMBER");
+
+/// Produce a bounded range (factory). Min and max are inclusive.
+class Bound : public Validator {
+  public:
+    /// This bounds a value with min and max inclusive.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the constructor is templated, but the struct is not, so C++17 is not
+    /// needed to provide nice syntax for Range(a,b).
+    template <typename T> Bound(T min_val, T max_val) {
+        std::stringstream out;
+        out << detail::type_name<T>() << " bounded to [" << min_val << " - " << max_val << "]";
+        description(out.str());
+
+        func_ = [min_val, max_val](std::string &input) {
+            using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+            T val;
+            bool converted = lexical_cast(input, val);
+            if(!converted) {
+                return std::string("Value ") + input + " could not be converted";
+            }
+            if(val < min_val)
+                input = detail::to_string(min_val);
+            else if(val > max_val)
+                input = detail::to_string(max_val);
+
+            return std::string{};
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Range of one value is 0 to value
+    template <typename T> explicit Bound(T max_val) : Bound(static_cast<T>(0), max_val) {}
+};
+
+// Static is not needed here, because global const implies static.
+
+/// Check for an IP4 address
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::IPV4Validator ValidIPV4;
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T,
+          enable_if_t<is_copyable_ptr<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
+auto smart_deref(T value) -> decltype(*value) {
+    return *value;
+}
+
+template <
+    typename T,
+    enable_if_t<!is_copyable_ptr<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
+typename std::remove_reference<T>::type &smart_deref(T &value) {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE
+    return value;
+}
+/// Generate a string representation of a set
+template <typename T> std::string generate_set(const T &set) {
+    using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
+    using iteration_type_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::value_type;  // the type of the object pair
+    std::string out(1, '{');
+    out.append(detail::join(
+        detail::smart_deref(set),
+        [](const iteration_type_t &v) { return detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v); },
+        ","));
+    out.push_back('}');
+    return out;
+}
+
+/// Generate a string representation of a map
+template <typename T> std::string generate_map(const T &map, bool key_only = false) {
+    using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
+    using iteration_type_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::value_type;  // the type of the object pair
+    std::string out(1, '{');
+    out.append(detail::join(
+        detail::smart_deref(map),
+        [key_only](const iteration_type_t &v) {
+            std::string res{detail::to_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v))};
+
+            if(!key_only) {
+                res.append("->");
+                res += detail::to_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(v));
+            }
+            return res;
+        },
+        ","));
+    out.push_back('}');
+    return out;
+}
+
+template <typename C, typename V> struct has_find {
+    template <typename CC, typename VV>
+    static auto test(int) -> decltype(std::declval<CC>().find(std::declval<VV>()), std::true_type());
+    template <typename, typename> static auto test(...) -> decltype(std::false_type());
+
+    static const auto value = decltype(test<C, V>(0))::value;
+    using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;
+};
+
+/// A search function
+template <typename T, typename V, enable_if_t<!has_find<T, V>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
+auto search(const T &set, const V &val) -> std::pair<bool, decltype(std::begin(detail::smart_deref(set)))> {
+    using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
+    auto &setref = detail::smart_deref(set);
+    auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(setref), std::end(setref), [&val](decltype(*std::begin(setref)) v) {
+        return (detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v) == val);
+    });
+    return {(it != std::end(setref)), it};
+}
+
+/// A search function that uses the built in find function
+template <typename T, typename V, enable_if_t<has_find<T, V>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
+auto search(const T &set, const V &val) -> std::pair<bool, decltype(std::begin(detail::smart_deref(set)))> {
+    auto &setref = detail::smart_deref(set);
+    auto it = setref.find(val);
+    return {(it != std::end(setref)), it};
+}
+
+/// A search function with a filter function
+template <typename T, typename V>
+auto search(const T &set, const V &val, const std::function<V(V)> &filter_function)
+    -> std::pair<bool, decltype(std::begin(detail::smart_deref(set)))> {
+    using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
+    // do the potentially faster first search
+    auto res = search(set, val);
+    if((res.first) || (!(filter_function))) {
+        return res;
+    }
+    // if we haven't found it do the longer linear search with all the element translations
+    auto &setref = detail::smart_deref(set);
+    auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(setref), std::end(setref), [&](decltype(*std::begin(setref)) v) {
+        V a{detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v)};
+        a = filter_function(a);
+        return (a == val);
+    });
+    return {(it != std::end(setref)), it};
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+   /// Verify items are in a set
+class IsMember : public Validator {
+  public:
+    using filter_fn_t = std::function<std::string(std::string)>;
+
+    /// This allows in-place construction using an initializer list
+    template <typename T, typename... Args>
+    IsMember(std::initializer_list<T> values, Args &&...args)
+        : IsMember(std::vector<T>(values), std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+    /// This checks to see if an item is in a set (empty function)
+    template <typename T> explicit IsMember(T &&set) : IsMember(std::forward<T>(set), nullptr) {}
+
+    /// This checks to see if an item is in a set: pointer or copy version. You can pass in a function that will filter
+    /// both sides of the comparison before computing the comparison.
+    template <typename T, typename F> explicit IsMember(T set, F filter_function) {
+
+        // Get the type of the contained item - requires a container have ::value_type
+        // if the type does not have first_type and second_type, these are both value_type
+        using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;             // Removes (smart) pointers if needed
+        using item_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first_type;  // Is value_type if not a map
+
+        using local_item_t = typename IsMemberType<item_t>::type;  // This will convert bad types to good ones
+        // (const char * to std::string)
+
+        // Make a local copy of the filter function, using a std::function if not one already
+        std::function<local_item_t(local_item_t)> filter_fn = filter_function;
+
+        // Store a single copy of the set in a shared_ptr so the lambdas below can share it
+        auto shared_set = std::make_shared<T>(std::move(set));
+
+        // This is the type name for help, it will take the current version of the set contents
+        desc_function_ = [shared_set]() { return detail::generate_set(detail::smart_deref(*shared_set)); };
+
+        // This is the function that validates
+        // It stores a copy of the set pointer-like, so shared_ptr will stay alive
+        func_ = [shared_set, filter_fn](std::string &input) {
+            using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+            local_item_t b;
+            if(!lexical_cast(input, b)) {
+                throw ValidationError(input);  // name is added later
+            }
+            if(filter_fn) {
+                b = filter_fn(b);
+            }
+            auto res = detail::search(*shared_set, b, filter_fn);
+            if(res.first) {
+                // Make sure the version in the input string is identical to the one in the set
+                if(filter_fn) {
+                    input = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(*(res.second)));
+                }
+
+                // Return empty error string (success)
+                return std::string{};
+            }
+
+            // If you reach this point, the result was not found
+            return input + " not in " + detail::generate_set(detail::smart_deref(*shared_set));
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// You can pass in as many filter functions as you like, they nest (string only currently)
+    template <typename T, typename... Args>
+    IsMember(T &&set, filter_fn_t filter_fn_1, filter_fn_t filter_fn_2, Args &&...other)
+        : IsMember(
+              std::forward<T>(set),
+              [filter_fn_1, filter_fn_2](std::string a) { return filter_fn_2(filter_fn_1(a)); },
+              other...) {}
+};
+
+/// definition of the default transformation object
+template <typename T> using TransformPairs = std::vector<std::pair<std::string, T>>;
+
+/// Translate named items to other or a value set
+class Transformer : public Validator {
+  public:
+    using filter_fn_t = std::function<std::string(std::string)>;
+
+    /// This allows in-place construction
+    template <typename... Args>
+    Transformer(std::initializer_list<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> values, Args &&...args)
+        : Transformer(TransformPairs<std::string>(values), std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+    /// direct map of std::string to std::string
+    template <typename T> explicit Transformer(T &&mapping) : Transformer(std::forward<T>(mapping), nullptr) {}
+
+    /// This checks to see if an item is in a set: pointer or copy version. You can pass in a function that will filter
+    /// both sides of the comparison before computing the comparison.
+    template <typename T, typename F> explicit Transformer(T mapping, F filter_function) {
+
+        static_assert(detail::pair_adaptor<typename detail::element_type<T>::type>::value,
+                      "mapping must produce value pairs");
+        // Get the type of the contained item - requires a container have ::value_type
+        // if the type does not have first_type and second_type, these are both value_type
+        using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;             // Removes (smart) pointers if needed
+        using item_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first_type;  // Is value_type if not a map
+        using local_item_t = typename IsMemberType<item_t>::type;             // Will convert bad types to good ones
+        // (const char * to std::string)
+
+        // Make a local copy of the filter function, using a std::function if not one already
+        std::function<local_item_t(local_item_t)> filter_fn = filter_function;
+
+        // Store a single copy of the mapping in a shared_ptr so the lambdas below can share it
+        auto shared_mapping = std::make_shared<T>(std::move(mapping));
+
+        // This is the type name for help, it will take the current version of the set contents
+        desc_function_ = [shared_mapping]() { return detail::generate_map(detail::smart_deref(*shared_mapping)); };
+
+        func_ = [shared_mapping, filter_fn](std::string &input) {
+            using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+            local_item_t b;
+            if(!lexical_cast(input, b)) {
+                return std::string();
+                // there is no possible way we can match anything in the mapping if we can't convert so just return
+            }
+            if(filter_fn) {
+                b = filter_fn(b);
+            }
+            auto res = detail::search(*shared_mapping, b, filter_fn);
+            if(res.first) {
+                input = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(*res.second));
+            }
+            return std::string{};
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// You can pass in as many filter functions as you like, they nest
+    template <typename T, typename... Args>
+    Transformer(T &&mapping, filter_fn_t filter_fn_1, filter_fn_t filter_fn_2, Args &&...other)
+        : Transformer(
+              std::forward<T>(mapping),
+              [filter_fn_1, filter_fn_2](std::string a) { return filter_fn_2(filter_fn_1(a)); },
+              other...) {}
+};
+
+/// translate named items to other or a value set
+class CheckedTransformer : public Validator {
+  public:
+    using filter_fn_t = std::function<std::string(std::string)>;
+
+    /// This allows in-place construction
+    template <typename... Args>
+    CheckedTransformer(std::initializer_list<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> values, Args &&...args)
+        : CheckedTransformer(TransformPairs<std::string>(values), std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+    /// direct map of std::string to std::string
+    template <typename T> explicit CheckedTransformer(T mapping) : CheckedTransformer(std::move(mapping), nullptr) {}
+
+    /// This checks to see if an item is in a set: pointer or copy version. You can pass in a function that will filter
+    /// both sides of the comparison before computing the comparison.
+    template <typename T, typename F> explicit CheckedTransformer(T mapping, F filter_function) {
+
+        static_assert(detail::pair_adaptor<typename detail::element_type<T>::type>::value,
+                      "mapping must produce value pairs");
+        // Get the type of the contained item - requires a container have ::value_type
+        // if the type does not have first_type and second_type, these are both value_type
+        using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;             // Removes (smart) pointers if needed
+        using item_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first_type;  // Is value_type if not a map
+        using local_item_t = typename IsMemberType<item_t>::type;             // Will convert bad types to good ones
+        // (const char * to std::string)
+        using iteration_type_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::value_type;  // the type of the object pair
+
+        // Make a local copy of the filter function, using a std::function if not one already
+        std::function<local_item_t(local_item_t)> filter_fn = filter_function;
+
+        // Store a single copy of the mapping in a shared_ptr so the lambdas below can share it
+        auto shared_mapping = std::make_shared<T>(std::move(mapping));
+
+        auto tfunc = [shared_mapping]() {
+            std::string out("value in ");
+            out += detail::generate_map(detail::smart_deref(*shared_mapping)) + " OR {";
+            out += detail::join(
+                detail::smart_deref(*shared_mapping),
+                [](const iteration_type_t &v) {
+                    return detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(v));
+                },
+                ",");
+            out.push_back('}');
+            return out;
+        };
+
+        desc_function_ = tfunc;
+
+        func_ = [shared_mapping, tfunc, filter_fn](std::string &input) {
+            using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+            local_item_t b;
+            bool converted = lexical_cast(input, b);
+            if(converted) {
+                if(filter_fn) {
+                    b = filter_fn(b);
+                }
+                auto res = detail::search(*shared_mapping, b, filter_fn);
+                if(res.first) {
+                    input = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(*res.second));
+                    return std::string{};
+                }
+            }
+            for(const auto &v : detail::smart_deref(*shared_mapping)) {
+                auto output_string = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(v));
+                if(output_string == input) {
+                    return std::string();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return "Check " + input + " " + tfunc() + " FAILED";
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// You can pass in as many filter functions as you like, they nest
+    template <typename T, typename... Args>
+    CheckedTransformer(T &&mapping, filter_fn_t filter_fn_1, filter_fn_t filter_fn_2, Args &&...other)
+        : CheckedTransformer(
+              std::forward<T>(mapping),
+              [filter_fn_1, filter_fn_2](std::string a) { return filter_fn_2(filter_fn_1(a)); },
+              other...) {}
+};
+
+/// Helper function to allow ignore_case to be passed to IsMember or Transform
+inline std::string ignore_case(std::string item) { return detail::to_lower(item); }
+
+/// Helper function to allow ignore_underscore to be passed to IsMember or Transform
+inline std::string ignore_underscore(std::string item) { return detail::remove_underscore(item); }
+
+/// Helper function to allow checks to ignore spaces to be passed to IsMember or Transform
+inline std::string ignore_space(std::string item) {
+    item.erase(std::remove(std::begin(item), std::end(item), ' '), std::end(item));
+    item.erase(std::remove(std::begin(item), std::end(item), '\t'), std::end(item));
+    return item;
+}
+
+/// Multiply a number by a factor using given mapping.
+/// Can be used to write transforms for SIZE or DURATION inputs.
+///
+/// Example:
+///   With mapping = `{"b"->1, "kb"->1024, "mb"->1024*1024}`
+///   one can recognize inputs like "100", "12kb", "100 MB",
+///   that will be automatically transformed to 100, 14448, 104857600.
+///
+/// Output number type matches the type in the provided mapping.
+/// Therefore, if it is required to interpret real inputs like "0.42 s",
+/// the mapping should be of a type <string, float> or <string, double>.
+class AsNumberWithUnit : public Validator {
+  public:
+    /// Adjust AsNumberWithUnit behavior.
+    /// CASE_SENSITIVE/CASE_INSENSITIVE controls how units are matched.
+    /// UNIT_OPTIONAL/UNIT_REQUIRED throws ValidationError
+    ///   if UNIT_REQUIRED is set and unit literal is not found.
+    enum Options : std::uint8_t {
+        CASE_SENSITIVE = 0,
+        CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1,
+        UNIT_OPTIONAL = 0,
+        UNIT_REQUIRED = 2,
+        DEFAULT = CASE_INSENSITIVE | UNIT_OPTIONAL
+    };
+
+    template <typename Number>
+    explicit AsNumberWithUnit(std::map<std::string, Number> mapping,
+                              Options opts = DEFAULT,
+                              const std::string &unit_name = "UNIT") {
+        description(generate_description<Number>(unit_name, opts));
+        validate_mapping(mapping, opts);
+
+        // transform function
+        func_ = [mapping, opts](std::string &input) -> std::string {
+            Number num{};
+
+            detail::rtrim(input);
+            if(input.empty()) {
+                throw ValidationError("Input is empty");
+            }
+
+            // Find split position between number and prefix
+            auto unit_begin = input.end();
+            const std::locale loc{};
+            while(unit_begin > input.begin() && std::isalpha(*(unit_begin - 1), loc)) {
+                --unit_begin;
+            }
+
+            std::string unit{unit_begin, input.end()};
+            input.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(input.begin(), unit_begin)));
+            detail::trim(input);
+
+            if(opts & UNIT_REQUIRED && unit.empty()) {
+                throw ValidationError("Missing mandatory unit");
+            }
+            if(opts & CASE_INSENSITIVE) {
+                unit = detail::to_lower(unit);
+            }
+            if(unit.empty()) {
+                using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+                if(!lexical_cast(input, num)) {
+                    throw ValidationError(std::string("Value ") + input + " could not be converted to " +
+                                          detail::type_name<Number>());
+                }
+                // No need to modify input if no unit passed
+                return {};
+            }
+
+            // find corresponding factor
+            auto it = mapping.find(unit);
+            if(it == mapping.end()) {
+                throw ValidationError(unit +
+                                      " unit not recognized. "
+                                      "Allowed values: " +
+                                      detail::generate_map(mapping, true));
+            }
+
+            if(!input.empty()) {
+                using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+                bool converted = lexical_cast(input, num);
+                if(!converted) {
+                    throw ValidationError(std::string("Value ") + input + " could not be converted to " +
+                                          detail::type_name<Number>());
+                }
+                // perform safe multiplication
+                bool ok = detail::checked_multiply(num, it->second);
+                if(!ok) {
+                    throw ValidationError(detail::to_string(num) + " multiplied by " + unit +
+                                          " factor would cause number overflow. Use smaller value.");
+                }
+            } else {
+                num = static_cast<Number>(it->second);
+            }
+
+            input = detail::to_string(num);
+
+            return {};
+        };
+    }
+
+  private:
+    /// Check that mapping contains valid units.
+    /// Update mapping for CASE_INSENSITIVE mode.
+    template <typename Number> static void validate_mapping(std::map<std::string, Number> &mapping, Options opts) {
+        for(auto &kv : mapping) {
+            if(kv.first.empty()) {
+                throw ValidationError("Unit must not be empty.");
+            }
+            if(!detail::isalpha(kv.first)) {
+                throw ValidationError("Unit must contain only letters.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // make all units lowercase if CASE_INSENSITIVE
+        if(opts & CASE_INSENSITIVE) {
+            std::map<std::string, Number> lower_mapping;
+            for(auto &kv : mapping) {
+                auto s = detail::to_lower(kv.first);
+                if(lower_mapping.count(s)) {
+                    throw ValidationError(std::string("Several matching lowercase unit representations are found: ") +
+                                          s);
+                }
+                lower_mapping[std::move(s)] = kv.second;
+            }
+            mapping = std::move(lower_mapping);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Generate description like this: NUMBER [UNIT]
+    template <typename Number> static std::string generate_description(const std::string &name, Options opts) {
+        std::stringstream out;
+        out << detail::type_name<Number>() << ' ';
+        if(opts & UNIT_REQUIRED) {
+            out << name;
+        } else {
+            out << '[' << name << ']';
+        }
+        return out.str();
+    }
+};
+
+inline AsNumberWithUnit::Options operator|(const AsNumberWithUnit::Options &a, const AsNumberWithUnit::Options &b) {
+    return static_cast<AsNumberWithUnit::Options>(static_cast<int>(a) | static_cast<int>(b));
+}
+
+/// Converts a human-readable size string (with unit literal) to uin64_t size.
+/// Example:
+///   "100" => 100
+///   "1 b" => 1
+///   "10Kb" => 10240 // you can configure this to be interpreted as kilobyte (*1000) or kibibyte (*1024)
+///   "10 KB" => 10240
+///   "10 kb" => 10240
+///   "10 kib" => 10240 // *i, *ib are always interpreted as *bibyte (*1024)
+///   "10kb" => 10240
+///   "2 MB" => 2097152
+///   "2 EiB" => 2^61 // Units up to exibyte are supported
+class AsSizeValue : public AsNumberWithUnit {
+  public:
+    using result_t = std::uint64_t;
+
+    /// If kb_is_1000 is true,
+    /// interpret 'kb', 'k' as 1000 and 'kib', 'ki' as 1024
+    /// (same applies to higher order units as well).
+    /// Otherwise, interpret all literals as factors of 1024.
+    /// The first option is formally correct, but
+    /// the second interpretation is more wide-spread
+    /// (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix).
+    explicit AsSizeValue(bool kb_is_1000);
+
+  private:
+    /// Get <size unit, factor> mapping
+    static std::map<std::string, result_t> init_mapping(bool kb_is_1000);
+
+    /// Cache calculated mapping
+    static const std::map<std::string, result_t> &get_mapping(bool kb_is_1000);
+};
+
+#if defined(CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS) && CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS != 0
+// new extra validators
+#if CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM
+namespace detail {
+enum class Permission : std::uint8_t { none = 0, read = 1, write = 2, exec = 4 };
+class PermissionValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    explicit PermissionValidator(Permission permission);
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+class FileSizeValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    explicit FileSizeValidator(std::uint64_t min_size, std::uint64_t max_size = 0);
+};
+
+/// Check that the file exist and available for read
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::PermissionValidator ReadPermissions(detail::Permission::read);
+
+/// Check that the file exist and available for write
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::PermissionValidator WritePermissions(detail::Permission::write);
+
+/// Check that the file exist and available for execute
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::PermissionValidator ExecPermissions(detail::Permission::exec);
+
+/// Check that the file exists and is not empty
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const FileSizeValidator NonEmptyFile(1, 0);
+#endif
+
+#endif
+// [CLI11:extra_validators_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/ExtraValidators_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif
+
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Formatter.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "App.hpp"
+#include "FormatterFwd.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:formatter_hpp:verbatim]
+// [CLI11:formatter_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Formatter_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/FormatterFwd.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:formatter_fwd_hpp:verbatim]
+
+class Option;
+class App;
+
+/// This enum signifies the type of help requested
+///
+/// This is passed in by App; all user classes must accept this as
+/// the second argument.
+
+enum class AppFormatMode : std::uint8_t {
+    Normal,  ///< The normal, detailed help
+    All,     ///< A fully expanded help
+    Sub,     ///< Used when printed as part of expanded subcommand
+};
+
+/// This is the minimum requirements to run a formatter.
+///
+/// A user can subclass this is if they do not care at all
+/// about the structure in CLI::Formatter.
+class FormatterBase {
+  protected:
+    /// @name Options
+    ///@{
+
+    /// The width of the left column (options/flags/subcommands)
+    std::size_t column_width_{30};
+
+    /// The alignment ratio for long options within the left column
+    float long_option_alignment_ratio_{1 / 3.f};
+
+    /// The width of the right column (description of options/flags/subcommands)
+    std::size_t right_column_width_{65};
+
+    /// The width of the description paragraph at the top of help
+    std::size_t description_paragraph_width_{80};
+
+    /// The width of the footer paragraph
+    std::size_t footer_paragraph_width_{80};
+
+    /// options controlling formatting for footer and descriptions
+    bool enable_description_formatting_{true};
+    bool enable_footer_formatting_{true};
+
+    /// options controlling formatting of options
+    bool enable_option_defaults_{true};
+    bool enable_option_type_names_{true};
+    bool enable_default_flag_values_{true};
+    /// @brief The required help printout labels (user changeable)
+    /// Values are Needs, Excludes, etc.
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> labels_{};
+
+    /// Default user-facing help labels used when no override is set
+    static std::string default_label(const std::string &key) { return key; }
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Basic
+    ///@{
+
+  public:
+    FormatterBase() = default;
+    FormatterBase(const FormatterBase &) = default;
+    FormatterBase(FormatterBase &&) = default;
+    FormatterBase &operator=(const FormatterBase &) = default;
+    FormatterBase &operator=(FormatterBase &&) = default;
+
+    /// Adding a destructor in this form to work around bug in GCC 4.7
+    virtual ~FormatterBase() noexcept {}  // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+
+    /// This is the key method that puts together help
+    virtual std::string make_help(const App *, std::string, AppFormatMode) const = 0;
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Setters
+    ///@{
+
+    /// Set the "REQUIRED" or other labels
+    void label(std::string key, std::string val) { labels_[key] = val; }
+
+    /// Set the left column width (options/flags/subcommands)
+    void column_width(std::size_t val) { column_width_ = val; }
+
+    /// Set the alignment ratio for long options within the left column
+    /// The ratio is in [0;1] range (e.g. 0.2 = 20% of column width, 6.f/column_width = 6th character)
+    void long_option_alignment_ratio(float ratio);
+
+    /// Set the right column width (description of options/flags/subcommands)
+    void right_column_width(std::size_t val) { right_column_width_ = val; }
+
+    /// Set the description paragraph width at the top of help
+    void description_paragraph_width(std::size_t val) { description_paragraph_width_ = val; }
+
+    /// Set the footer paragraph width
+    void footer_paragraph_width(std::size_t val) { footer_paragraph_width_ = val; }
+    /// enable formatting for description paragraph
+    void enable_description_formatting(bool value = true) { enable_description_formatting_ = value; }
+    /// disable formatting for footer paragraph
+    void enable_footer_formatting(bool value = true) { enable_footer_formatting_ = value; }
+
+    /// enable option defaults to be printed
+    void enable_option_defaults(bool value = true) { enable_option_defaults_ = value; }
+    /// enable option type names to be printed
+    void enable_option_type_names(bool value = true) { enable_option_type_names_ = value; }
+    /// enable default flag values to be printed
+    void enable_default_flag_values(bool value = true) { enable_default_flag_values_ = value; }
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Getters
+    ///@{
+
+    /// Get the current value of a name (REQUIRED, etc.)
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_label(std::string key) const;
+
+    /// Get the current left column width (options/flags/subcommands)
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::size_t get_column_width() const { return column_width_; }
+
+    /// Get the current right column width (description of options/flags/subcommands)
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::size_t get_right_column_width() const { return right_column_width_; }
+
+    /// Get the current description paragraph width at the top of help
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::size_t get_description_paragraph_width() const { return description_paragraph_width_; }
+
+    /// Get the current footer paragraph width
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::size_t get_footer_paragraph_width() const { return footer_paragraph_width_; }
+
+    /// @brief Get the current alignment ratio for long options within the left column
+    /// @return The alignment ratio used for long options within the left column
+    CLI11_NODISCARD float get_long_option_alignment_ratio() const { return long_option_alignment_ratio_; }
+
+    /// Get the current status of description paragraph formatting
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool is_description_paragraph_formatting_enabled() const { return enable_description_formatting_; }
+
+    /// Get the current status of whether footer paragraph formatting is enabled
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool is_footer_paragraph_formatting_enabled() const { return enable_footer_formatting_; }
+
+    /// Get the current status of whether option defaults are printed
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool is_option_defaults_enabled() const { return enable_option_defaults_; }
+
+    /// Get the current status of whether option type names are printed
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool is_option_type_names_enabled() const { return enable_option_type_names_; }
+
+    /// Get the current status of whether default flag values are printed
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool is_default_flag_values_enabled() const { return enable_default_flag_values_; }
+
+    ///@}
+};
+
+/// This is a specialty override for lambda functions
+class FormatterLambda final : public FormatterBase {
+    using funct_t = std::function<std::string(const App *, std::string, AppFormatMode)>;
+
+    /// The lambda to hold and run
+    funct_t lambda_;
+
+  public:
+    /// Create a FormatterLambda with a lambda function
+    explicit FormatterLambda(funct_t funct);
+
+    /// Adding a destructor (mostly to make GCC 4.7 happy)
+    ~FormatterLambda() noexcept override {}  // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+
+    /// This will simply call the lambda function
+    std::string make_help(const App *app, std::string name, AppFormatMode mode) const override;
+};
+
+/// This is the default Formatter for CLI11. It pretty prints help output, and is broken into quite a few
+/// overridable methods, to be highly customizable with minimal effort.
+class Formatter : public FormatterBase {
+  public:
+    Formatter() = default;
+    Formatter(const Formatter &) = default;
+    Formatter(Formatter &&) = default;
+    Formatter &operator=(const Formatter &) = default;
+    Formatter &operator=(Formatter &&) = default;
+
+    /// @name Overridables
+    ///@{
+
+    /// This prints out a group of options with title
+    ///
+    CLI11_NODISCARD virtual std::string
+    make_group(std::string group, bool is_positional, std::vector<const Option *> opts) const;
+
+    /// This prints out just the positionals "group"
+    virtual std::string make_positionals(const App *app) const;
+
+    /// This prints out all the groups of options
+    std::string make_groups(const App *app, AppFormatMode mode) const;
+
+    /// This prints out all the subcommands
+    virtual std::string make_subcommands(const App *app, AppFormatMode mode) const;
+
+    /// This prints out a subcommand
+    virtual std::string make_subcommand(const App *sub) const;
+
+    /// This prints out a subcommand in help-all
+    virtual std::string make_expanded(const App *sub, AppFormatMode mode) const;
+
+    /// This prints out all the groups of options
+    virtual std::string make_footer(const App *app) const;
+
+    /// This displays the description line
+    virtual std::string make_description(const App *app) const;
+
+    /// This displays the usage line
+    virtual std::string make_usage(const App *app, std::string name) const;
+
+    /// This puts everything together
+    std::string make_help(const App *app, std::string, AppFormatMode mode) const override;
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Options
+    ///@{
+
+    /// This prints out an option help line, either positional or optional form
+    virtual std::string make_option(const Option *, bool) const;
+
+    /// @brief This is the name part of an option, Default: left column
+    virtual std::string make_option_name(const Option *, bool) const;
+
+    /// @brief This is the options part of the name, Default: combined into left column
+    virtual std::string make_option_opts(const Option *) const;
+
+    /// @brief This is the description. Default: Right column, on new line if left column too large
+    virtual std::string make_option_desc(const Option *) const;
+
+    /// @brief This is used to print the name on the USAGE line
+    virtual std::string make_option_usage(const Option *opt) const;
+
+    ///@}
+};
+
+// [CLI11:formatter_fwd_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Macros.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:macros_hpp:verbatim]
+
+// The following version macro is very similar to the one in pybind11
+#if !(defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#define CLI11_CPP14
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#define CLI11_CPP17
+#if __cplusplus > 201703L
+#define CLI11_CPP20
+#if __cplusplus > 202002L
+#define CLI11_CPP23
+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
+#define CLI11_CPP26
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L
+// MSVC sets _MSVC_LANG rather than __cplusplus (supposedly until the standard was fully implemented)
+// Unless you use the /Zc:__cplusplus flag on Visual Studio 2017 15.7 Preview 3 or newer
+#if _MSVC_LANG >= 201402L
+#define CLI11_CPP14
+#if _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910
+#define CLI11_CPP17
+#if _MSVC_LANG > 201703L && _MSC_VER >= 1910
+#define CLI11_CPP20
+#if _MSVC_LANG > 202002L && _MSC_VER >= 1922
+#define CLI11_CPP23
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CLI11_CPP14)
+#define CLI11_DEPRECATED(reason) [[deprecated(reason)]]
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define CLI11_DEPRECATED(reason) __declspec(deprecated(reason))
+#else
+#define CLI11_DEPRECATED(reason) __attribute__((deprecated(reason)))
+#endif
+
+// GCC < 10 doesn't ignore this in unevaluated contexts
+#if !defined(CLI11_CPP17) ||                                                                                           \
+    (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__llvm__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __GNUC__ < 10 && __GNUC__ > 4)
+#define CLI11_NODISCARD
+#else
+#define CLI11_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#endif
+
+/** detection of rtti */
+#ifndef CLI11_USE_STATIC_RTTI
+#if (defined(_HAS_STATIC_RTTI) && _HAS_STATIC_RTTI)
+#define CLI11_USE_STATIC_RTTI 1
+#elif defined(__cpp_rtti)
+#if (defined(_CPPRTTI) && _CPPRTTI == 0)
+#define CLI11_USE_STATIC_RTTI 1
+#else
+#define CLI11_USE_STATIC_RTTI 0
+#endif
+#elif (defined(__GCC_RTTI) && __GXX_RTTI)
+#define CLI11_USE_STATIC_RTTI 0
+#else
+#define CLI11_USE_STATIC_RTTI 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** <filesystem> availability */
+#if defined CLI11_CPP17 && defined __has_include && !defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM
+#if __has_include(<filesystem>)
+// Filesystem cannot be used if targeting macOS < 10.15
+#if defined __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED && __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 101500
+#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
+#elif defined(__wasi__)
+// As of wasi-sdk-14, filesystem is not implemented
+#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
+#else
+#include <filesystem>
+#if defined __cpp_lib_filesystem && __cpp_lib_filesystem >= 201703
+#if defined _GLIBCXX_RELEASE && _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 9
+#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1
+#elif defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+// if we are using gcc and Version <9 default to no filesystem
+#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
+#else
+#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1
+#endif
+#else
+#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** <codecvt> availability (the header is only included where it is used) */
+#ifndef CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+#if defined(CLI11_CPP26)
+#define CLI11_HAS_CODECVT 0
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__llvm__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __GNUC__ < 5
+#define CLI11_HAS_CODECVT 0
+#else
+#define CLI11_HAS_CODECVT 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** rtti enabled */
+#ifndef CLI11_HAS_RTTI
+#if defined(__GXX_RTTI) && __GXX_RTTI == 1
+// gcc
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 1
+#elif defined(_CPPRTTI) && _CPPRTTI == 1
+// msvc
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 1
+#elif defined(__NO_RTTI__) && __NO_RTTI__ == 1
+// intel
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 0
+#elif defined(__has_feature)
+// clang and other newer compilers
+#if __has_feature(cxx_rtti)
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 1
+#else
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 0
+#endif
+#elif defined(__RTTI) || defined(__INTEL_RTTI__)
+// more intel and some other compilers
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 1
+#else
+#define CLI11_HAS_RTTI 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** disable deprecations */
+#if defined(__GNUC__)  // GCC or clang
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
+
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH __pragma(warning(push))
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_POP __pragma(warning(pop))
+
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORE_DEPRECATED __pragma(warning(disable : 4996))
+
+#else
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+#define CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORE_DEPRECATED
+
+#endif
+
+/** Inline macro **/
+#ifdef CLI11_COMPILE
+#define CLI11_INLINE
+#else
+#define CLI11_INLINE inline
+#endif
+
+/** Module inline to support module operations**/
+#if defined CLI11_CPP17
+#define CLI11_MODULE_INLINE inline
+#else
+#define CLI11_MODULE_INLINE static
+#endif
+// [CLI11:macros_hpp:end]

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Option.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,848 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "Error.hpp"
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+#include "Split.hpp"
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+#include "Validators.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:option_hpp:verbatim]
+
+using results_t = std::vector<std::string>;
+/// callback function definition
+using callback_t = std::function<bool(const results_t &)>;
+
+class Option;
+class App;
+class ConfigBase;
+
+using Option_p = std::unique_ptr<Option>;
+using Validator_p = std::shared_ptr<Validator>;
+
+/// Enumeration of the multiOption Policy selection
+enum class MultiOptionPolicy : char {
+    Throw,      //!< Throw an error if any extra arguments were given
+    TakeLast,   //!< take only the last Expected number of arguments
+    TakeFirst,  //!< take only the first Expected number of arguments
+    Join,       //!< merge all the arguments together into a single string via the delimiter character default('\n')
+    TakeAll,    //!< just get all the passed argument regardless
+    Sum,        //!< sum all the arguments together if numerical or concatenate directly without delimiter
+    Reverse,    //!< take only the last Expected number of arguments in reverse order
+};
+
+/// @brief  enumeration for the callback priority
+enum class CallbackPriority : std::uint8_t {
+    FirstPreHelp = 0,
+    First = 1,
+    PreRequirementsCheckPreHelp = 2,
+    PreRequirementsCheck = 3,
+    NormalPreHelp = 4,
+    Normal = 5,
+    LastPreHelp = 6,
+    Last = 7
+};  // namespace CLI
+
+/// This is the CRTP base class for Option and OptionDefaults. It was designed this way
+/// to share parts of the class; an OptionDefaults can copy to an Option.
+template <typename CRTP> class OptionBase {
+    friend App;
+    friend ConfigBase;
+
+  protected:
+    /// The group membership
+    std::string group_ = std::string("OPTIONS");
+
+    /// True if this is a required option
+    bool required_{false};
+
+    /// Ignore the case when matching (option, not value)
+    bool ignore_case_{false};
+
+    /// Ignore underscores when matching (option, not value)
+    bool ignore_underscore_{false};
+
+    /// Allow this option to be given in a configuration file
+    bool configurable_{true};
+
+    /// Disable overriding flag values with '=value'
+    bool disable_flag_override_{false};
+
+    /// Specify a delimiter character for vector arguments
+    char delimiter_{'\0'};
+
+    /// Automatically capture default value
+    bool always_capture_default_{false};
+
+    /// Policy for handling multiple arguments beyond the expected Max
+    MultiOptionPolicy multi_option_policy_{MultiOptionPolicy::Throw};
+
+    /// Priority of callback
+    CallbackPriority callback_priority_{CallbackPriority::Normal};
+
+    /// Copy the contents to another similar class (one based on OptionBase)
+    template <typename T> void copy_to(T *other) const;
+
+  public:
+    // setters
+
+    /// Changes the group membership
+    CRTP *group(const std::string &name) {
+        if(!detail::valid_alias_name_string(name)) {
+            throw IncorrectConstruction("Group names may not contain newlines or null characters");
+        }
+        group_ = name;
+        return static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+    }
+
+    /// Set the option as required
+    CRTP *required(bool value = true) {
+        required_ = value;
+        return static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+    }
+
+    /// Support Plumbum term
+    CRTP *mandatory(bool value = true) { return required(value); }
+
+    CRTP *always_capture_default(bool value = true) {
+        always_capture_default_ = value;
+        return static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+    }
+
+    // Getters
+
+    /// Get the group of this option
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &get_group() const { return group_; }
+
+    /// True if this is a required option
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_required() const { return required_; }
+
+    /// The status of ignore case
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_ignore_case() const { return ignore_case_; }
+
+    /// The status of ignore_underscore
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_ignore_underscore() const { return ignore_underscore_; }
+
+    /// The status of configurable
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_configurable() const { return configurable_; }
+
+    /// The status of configurable
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_disable_flag_override() const { return disable_flag_override_; }
+
+    /// Get the current delimiter char
+    CLI11_NODISCARD char get_delimiter() const { return delimiter_; }
+
+    /// Return true if this will automatically capture the default value for help printing
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_always_capture_default() const { return always_capture_default_; }
+
+    /// The status of the multi option policy
+    CLI11_NODISCARD MultiOptionPolicy get_multi_option_policy() const { return multi_option_policy_; }
+
+    /// The priority of callback
+    CLI11_NODISCARD CallbackPriority get_callback_priority() const { return callback_priority_; }
+
+    // Shortcuts for multi option policy
+
+    /// Set the multi option policy to take last
+    CRTP *take_last() {
+        auto *self = static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+        self->multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy::TakeLast);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    /// Set the multi option policy to take last
+    CRTP *take_first() {
+        auto *self = static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+        self->multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy::TakeFirst);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    /// Set the multi option policy to take all arguments
+    CRTP *take_all() {
+        auto self = static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+        self->multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy::TakeAll);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    /// Set the multi option policy to join
+    CRTP *join() {
+        auto *self = static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+        self->multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy::Join);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    /// Set the multi option policy to join with a specific delimiter
+    CRTP *join(char delim) {
+        auto self = static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+        self->delimiter_ = delim;
+        self->multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy::Join);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    /// Allow in a configuration file
+    CRTP *configurable(bool value = true) {
+        configurable_ = value;
+        return static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+    }
+
+    /// Allow in a configuration file
+    CRTP *delimiter(char value = '\0') {
+        delimiter_ = value;
+        return static_cast<CRTP *>(this);
+    }
+};
+
+/// This is a version of OptionBase that only supports setting values,
+/// for defaults. It is stored as the default option in an App.
+class OptionDefaults : public OptionBase<OptionDefaults> {
+  public:
+    OptionDefaults() = default;
+
+    // Methods here need a different implementation if they are Option vs. OptionDefault
+
+    /// Set the callback priority
+    OptionDefaults *callback_priority(CallbackPriority value = CallbackPriority::Normal) {
+        callback_priority_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Take the last argument if given multiple times
+    OptionDefaults *multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy value = MultiOptionPolicy::Throw) {
+        multi_option_policy_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ignore the case of the option name
+    OptionDefaults *ignore_case(bool value = true) {
+        ignore_case_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ignore underscores in the option name
+    OptionDefaults *ignore_underscore(bool value = true) {
+        ignore_underscore_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Disable overriding flag values with an '=<value>' segment
+    OptionDefaults *disable_flag_override(bool value = true) {
+        disable_flag_override_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// set a delimiter character to split up single arguments to treat as multiple inputs
+    OptionDefaults *delimiter(char value = '\0') {
+        delimiter_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+
+class Option : public OptionBase<Option> {
+    friend App;
+    friend ConfigBase;
+
+  protected:
+    /// @name Names
+    ///@{
+
+    /// A list of the short names (`-a`) without the leading dashes
+    std::vector<std::string> snames_{};
+
+    /// A list of the long names (`--long`) without the leading dashes
+    std::vector<std::string> lnames_{};
+
+    /// A list of the flag names with the appropriate default value, the first part of the pair should be duplicates of
+    /// what is in snames or lnames but will trigger a particular response on a flag
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> default_flag_values_{};
+
+    /// a list of flag names with specified default values;
+    std::vector<std::string> fnames_{};
+
+    /// A positional name
+    std::string pname_{};
+
+    /// If given, check the environment for this option
+    std::string envname_{};
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Help
+    ///@{
+
+    /// The description for help strings
+    std::string description_{};
+
+    /// A human readable default value, either manually set, captured, or captured by default
+    std::string default_str_{};
+
+    /// If given, replace the text that describes the option type and usage in the help text
+    std::string option_text_{};
+
+    /// A human readable type value, set when App creates this
+    ///
+    /// This is a lambda function so "types" can be dynamic, such as when a set prints its contents.
+    std::function<std::string()> type_name_{[]() { return std::string(); }};
+
+    /// Run this function to capture a default (ignore if empty)
+    std::function<std::string()> default_function_{};
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Configuration
+    ///@{
+
+    /// The number of arguments that make up one option. max is the nominal type size, min is the minimum number of
+    /// strings
+    int type_size_max_{1};
+    /// The minimum number of arguments an option should be expecting
+    int type_size_min_{1};
+
+    /// The minimum number of expected values
+    int expected_min_{1};
+    /// The maximum number of expected values
+    int expected_max_{1};
+
+    /// A list of Validators to run on each value parsed
+    std::vector<Validator_p> validators_{};
+
+    /// A list of options that are required with this option
+    std::set<Option *> needs_{};
+
+    /// A list of options that are excluded with this option
+    std::set<Option *> excludes_{};
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Other
+    ///@{
+
+    /// link back up to the parent App for fallthrough
+    App *parent_{nullptr};
+
+    /// Options store a callback to do all the work
+    callback_t callback_{};
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Parsing results
+    ///@{
+
+    /// complete Results of parsing
+    results_t results_{};
+    /// results after reduction
+    mutable results_t proc_results_{};
+    /// enumeration for the option state machine
+    enum class option_state : char {
+        parsing = 0,       //!< The option is currently collecting parsed results
+        validated = 2,     //!< the results have been validated
+        reduced = 4,       //!< a subset of results has been generated
+        callback_run = 6,  //!< the callback has been executed
+    };
+    /// Whether the callback has run (needed for INI parsing)
+    option_state current_option_state_{option_state::parsing};
+    /// Specify that extra args beyond type_size_max should be allowed
+    bool allow_extra_args_{false};
+    /// Specify that the option should act like a flag vs regular option
+    bool flag_like_{false};
+    /// Control option to run the callback to set the default
+    bool run_callback_for_default_{false};
+    /// flag indicating a separator needs to be injected after each argument call
+    bool inject_separator_{false};
+    /// flag indicating that the option should trigger the validation and callback chain on each result when loaded
+    bool trigger_on_result_{false};
+    /// flag indicating that the option should force the callback regardless if any results present
+    bool force_callback_{false};
+
+    /// Making an option by hand is not defined, it must be made by the App class
+    Option(std::string option_name,
+           std::string option_description,
+           callback_t callback,
+           App *parent,
+           bool allow_non_standard = false);
+
+  public:
+    /// @name Basic
+    ///@{
+
+    Option(const Option &) = delete;
+    Option &operator=(const Option &) = delete;
+
+    /// Count the total number of times an option was passed
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::size_t count() const { return results_.size(); }
+
+    /// True if the option was not passed
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool empty() const { return results_.empty(); }
+
+    /// This bool operator returns true if any arguments were passed or the option callback is forced
+    explicit operator bool() const { return !empty() || force_callback_; }
+
+    /// Clear the parsed results (mostly for testing)
+    void clear();
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Setting options
+    ///@{
+
+    /// Set the number of expected arguments
+    Option *expected(int value);
+
+    /// Set the range of expected arguments
+    Option *expected(int value_min, int value_max);
+
+    /// Set the value of allow_extra_args which allows extra value arguments on the flag or option to be included
+    /// with each instance
+    Option *allow_extra_args(bool value = true) {
+        allow_extra_args_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Get the current value of allow extra args
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_allow_extra_args() const { return allow_extra_args_; }
+    /// Set the value of trigger_on_parse which specifies that the option callback should be triggered on every parse
+    Option *trigger_on_parse(bool value = true) {
+        trigger_on_result_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// The status of trigger on parse
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_trigger_on_parse() const { return trigger_on_result_; }
+
+    /// Set the value of force_callback
+    Option *force_callback(bool value = true) {
+        force_callback_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// The status of force_callback
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_force_callback() const { return force_callback_; }
+
+    /// Set the value of run_callback_for_default which controls whether the callback function should be called to set
+    /// the default This is controlled automatically but could be manipulated by the user.
+    Option *run_callback_for_default(bool value = true) {
+        run_callback_for_default_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /// Get the current value of run_callback_for_default
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_run_callback_for_default() const { return run_callback_for_default_; }
+
+    /// Set the value of callback priority which controls when the callback function should be called relative to other
+    /// parsing operations the default This is controlled automatically but could be manipulated by the user.
+    Option *callback_priority(CallbackPriority value = CallbackPriority::Normal) {
+        callback_priority_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a shared validator
+    Option *check(Validator_p validator);
+
+    /// Adds a Validator with a built in type name
+    Option *check(Validator validator, const std::string &validator_name = "");
+
+    /// Adds a Validator. Takes a const string& and returns an error message (empty if conversion/check is okay).
+    Option *check(std::function<std::string(const std::string &)> validator_func,
+                  std::string validator_description = "",
+                  std::string validator_name = "");
+
+    /// Adds a shared Validator
+    Option *transform(Validator_p validator);
+
+    /// Adds a transforming Validator with a built in type name
+    Option *transform(Validator validator, const std::string &transform_name = "");
+
+    /// Adds a transforming Validator with a built in type name and description
+    Option *transform(Validator validator, const std::string &transform_description, const std::string &transform_name);
+
+    /// Adds a Validator-like function that can change result
+    Option *transform(const std::function<std::string(std::string)> &transform_func,
+                      std::string transform_description = "",
+                      std::string transform_name = "");
+
+    /// Adds a user supplied function to run on each item passed in (communicate though lambda capture)
+    Option *each(const std::function<void(std::string)> &func);
+
+    /// Get a named Validator
+    Validator *get_validator(const std::string &validator_name = "");
+
+    /// Get a Validator by index NOTE: this may not be the order of definition
+    Validator *get_validator(int index);
+
+    /// Sets required options
+    Option *needs(Option *opt);
+
+    /// Can find a string if needed
+    template <typename T = App> Option *needs(std::string opt_name) {
+        auto opt = static_cast<T *>(parent_)->get_option_no_throw(opt_name);
+        if(opt == nullptr) {
+            throw IncorrectConstruction::MissingOption(opt_name);
+        }
+        return needs(opt);
+    }
+
+    /// Any number supported, any mix of string and Opt
+    template <typename A, typename B, typename... ARG> Option *needs(A opt, B opt1, ARG... args) {
+        needs(opt);
+        return needs(opt1, args...);  // NOLINT(readability-suspicious-call-argument)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove needs link from an option. Returns true if the option really was in the needs list.
+    bool remove_needs(Option *opt);
+
+    /// Sets excluded options
+    Option *excludes(Option *opt);
+
+    /// Can find a string if needed
+    template <typename T = App> Option *excludes(std::string opt_name) {
+        auto opt = static_cast<T *>(parent_)->get_option_no_throw(opt_name);
+        if(opt == nullptr) {
+            throw IncorrectConstruction::MissingOption(opt_name);
+        }
+        return excludes(opt);
+    }
+
+    /// Any number supported, any mix of string and Opt
+    template <typename A, typename B, typename... ARG> Option *excludes(A opt, B opt1, ARG... args) {
+        excludes(opt);
+        return excludes(opt1, args...);
+    }
+
+    /// Remove needs link from an option. Returns true if the option really was in the needs list.
+    bool remove_excludes(Option *opt);
+
+    /// Sets environment variable to read if no option given
+    Option *envname(std::string name) {
+        envname_ = std::move(name);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Ignore case
+    ///
+    /// The template hides the fact that we don't have the definition of App yet.
+    /// You are never expected to add an argument to the template here.
+    template <typename T = App> Option *ignore_case(bool value = true);
+
+    /// Ignore underscores in the option names
+    ///
+    /// The template hides the fact that we don't have the definition of App yet.
+    /// You are never expected to add an argument to the template here.
+    template <typename T = App> Option *ignore_underscore(bool value = true);
+
+    /// Take the last argument if given multiple times (or another policy)
+    Option *multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy value = MultiOptionPolicy::Throw);
+
+    /// Disable flag overrides values, e.g. --flag=<value> is not allowed
+    Option *disable_flag_override(bool value = true) {
+        disable_flag_override_ = value;
+        return this;
+    }
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Accessors
+    ///@{
+
+    /// The number of arguments the option expects
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_type_size() const { return type_size_min_; }
+
+    /// The minimum number of arguments the option expects
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_type_size_min() const { return type_size_min_; }
+    /// The maximum number of arguments the option expects
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_type_size_max() const { return type_size_max_; }
+
+    /// Return the inject_separator flag
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_inject_separator() const { return inject_separator_; }
+
+    /// The environment variable associated to this value
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_envname() const { return envname_; }
+
+    /// The set of options needed
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::set<Option *> get_needs() const { return needs_; }
+
+    /// The set of options excluded
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::set<Option *> get_excludes() const { return excludes_; }
+
+    /// The default value (for help printing)
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_default_str() const { return default_str_; }
+
+    /// Get the callback function
+    CLI11_NODISCARD callback_t get_callback() const { return callback_; }
+
+    /// Get the long names
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::vector<std::string> &get_lnames() const { return lnames_; }
+
+    /// Get the short names
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::vector<std::string> &get_snames() const { return snames_; }
+
+    /// Get the flag names with specified default values
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::vector<std::string> &get_fnames() const { return fnames_; }
+    /// Get a single name for the option, first of lname, sname, pname, envname
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &get_single_name() const;
+    /// The number of times the option expects to be included
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_expected() const { return expected_min_; }
+
+    /// The number of times the option expects to be included
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_expected_min() const { return expected_min_; }
+    /// The max number of times the option expects to be included
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_expected_max() const { return expected_max_; }
+
+    /// The total min number of expected  string values to be used
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_items_expected_min() const { return type_size_min_ * expected_min_; }
+
+    /// Get the maximum number of items expected to be returned and used for the callback
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_items_expected_max() const {
+        int t = type_size_max_;
+        return detail::checked_multiply(t, expected_max_) ? t : detail::expected_max_vector_size;
+    }
+    /// The total min number of expected  string values to be used
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_items_expected() const { return get_items_expected_min(); }
+
+    /// True if the argument can be given directly
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_positional() const { return !pname_.empty(); }
+
+    /// True if option has at least one non-positional name
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool nonpositional() const { return (!lnames_.empty() || !snames_.empty()); }
+
+    /// True if option has description
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool has_description() const { return !description_.empty(); }
+
+    /// Get the description
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &get_description() const { return description_; }
+
+    /// Set the description
+    Option *description(std::string option_description) {
+        description_ = std::move(option_description);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    Option *option_text(std::string text) {
+        option_text_ = std::move(text);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &get_option_text() const { return option_text_; }
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Help tools
+    ///@{
+
+    /// \brief Gets a comma separated list of names.
+    /// Will include / prefer the positional name if positional is true.
+    /// If all_options is false, pick just the most descriptive name to show.
+    /// Use `get_name(true)` to get the positional name (replaces `get_pname`)
+    /// if disable_default_flag_values is true, do not include the default values for flags such as `--no-flag{false}`
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_name(bool positional = false,                  ///< Show the positional name
+                                         bool all_options = false,                 ///< Show every option
+                                         bool disable_default_flag_values = false  ///< Disable default values in name
+    ) const;
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Parser tools
+    ///@{
+
+    /// Process the callback
+    void run_callback();
+
+    /// If options share any of the same names, find it
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &matching_name(const Option &other) const;
+
+    /// If options share any of the same names, they are equal (not counting positional)
+    bool operator==(const Option &other) const { return !matching_name(other).empty(); }
+
+    /// Check a name. Requires "-" or "--" for short / long, supports positional name
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool check_name(const std::string &name) const;
+
+    /// Requires "-" to be removed from string
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool check_sname(std::string name) const {
+        return (detail::find_member(std::move(name), snames_, ignore_case_) >= 0);
+    }
+
+    /// Requires "--" to be removed from string
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool check_lname(std::string name) const {
+        return (detail::find_member(std::move(name), lnames_, ignore_case_, ignore_underscore_) >= 0);
+    }
+
+    /// Requires "--" to be removed from string
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool check_fname(std::string name) const {
+        if(fnames_.empty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return (detail::find_member(std::move(name), fnames_, ignore_case_, ignore_underscore_) >= 0);
+    }
+
+    /// Get the value that goes for a flag, nominally gets the default value but allows for overrides if not
+    /// disabled
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_flag_value(const std::string &name, std::string input_value) const;
+
+    /// Puts a result at the end
+    Option *add_result(std::string s);
+
+    /// Puts a result at the end and get a count of the number of arguments actually added
+    Option *add_result(std::string s, int &results_added);
+
+    /// Puts a result at the end
+    Option *add_result(std::vector<std::string> s);
+
+    /// Get the current complete results set
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const results_t &results() const { return results_; }
+
+    /// Get a copy of the results
+    CLI11_NODISCARD results_t reduced_results() const;
+
+    /// Get the results as a specified type
+    template <typename T> void results(T &output) const {
+        bool retval = false;
+        if(current_option_state_ >= option_state::reduced || (results_.size() == 1 && validators_.empty())) {
+            const results_t &res = (proc_results_.empty()) ? results_ : proc_results_;
+            if(!res.empty()) {
+                retval = detail::lexical_conversion<T, T>(res, output);
+            } else {
+                results_t res2;
+                res2.emplace_back();
+                proc_results_ = std::move(res2);
+                retval = detail::lexical_conversion<T, T>(proc_results_, output);
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            results_t res;
+            if(results_.empty()) {
+                if(!default_str_.empty()) {
+                    // _add_results takes an rvalue only
+                    _add_result(std::string(default_str_), res);
+                    _validate_results(res);
+                    results_t extra;
+                    _reduce_results(extra, res);
+                    if(!extra.empty()) {
+                        res = std::move(extra);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    res.emplace_back();
+                }
+            } else {
+                res = reduced_results();
+            }
+            // store the results in a stable location if the output is a view
+            proc_results_ = std::move(res);
+            retval = detail::lexical_conversion<T, T>(proc_results_, output);
+        }
+        if(!retval) {
+            throw ConversionError(get_name(), results_);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the results as the specified type
+    template <typename T> CLI11_NODISCARD T as() const {
+        T output;
+        results(output);
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /// See if the callback has been run already
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_callback_run() const { return (current_option_state_ == option_state::callback_run); }
+
+    ///@}
+    /// @name Custom options
+    ///@{
+
+    /// Set the type function to run when displayed on this option
+    Option *type_name_fn(std::function<std::string()> typefun) {
+        type_name_ = std::move(typefun);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom option typestring
+    Option *type_name(std::string typeval);
+
+    /// Set a custom option size
+    Option *type_size(int option_type_size);
+
+    /// Set a custom option type size range
+    Option *type_size(int option_type_size_min, int option_type_size_max);
+
+    /// Set the value of the separator injection flag
+    void inject_separator(bool value = true) { inject_separator_ = value; }
+
+    /// Set a capture function for the default. Mostly used by App.
+    Option *default_function(const std::function<std::string()> &func) {
+        default_function_ = func;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Capture the default value from the original value (if it can be captured)
+    Option *capture_default_str();
+
+    /// Set the default value string representation (does not change the contained value)
+    Option *default_str(std::string val) {
+        default_str_ = std::move(val);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Set the default value and validate the results and run the callback if appropriate to set the value into the
+    /// bound value only available for types that can be converted to a string
+    template <typename X> Option *default_val(const X &val) {
+        std::string val_str = detail::value_string(val);
+        auto old_option_state = current_option_state_;
+        results_t old_results{std::move(results_)};
+        results_.clear();
+        try {
+            add_result(val_str);
+            // if trigger_on_result_ is set the callback already ran
+            if(run_callback_for_default_ && !trigger_on_result_) {
+                run_callback();  // run callback sets the state, we need to reset it again
+                current_option_state_ = option_state::parsing;
+            } else {
+                _validate_results(results_);
+                current_option_state_ = old_option_state;
+            }
+        } catch(const ConversionError &err) {
+            // this should be done
+            results_ = std::move(old_results);
+            current_option_state_ = old_option_state;
+
+            throw ConversionError(
+                get_name(), std::string("given default value(\"") + val_str + "\") produces an error : " + err.what());
+        } catch(const CLI::Error &) {
+            results_ = std::move(old_results);
+            current_option_state_ = old_option_state;
+            throw;
+        }
+        results_ = std::move(old_results);
+        default_str_ = std::move(val_str);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// Get the full typename for this option
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_type_name() const;
+
+  private:
+    /// Run the results through the Validators
+    void _validate_results(results_t &res) const;
+
+    /** reduce the results in accordance with the MultiOptionPolicy
+    @param[out] out results are assigned to res if there if they are different
+    */
+    void _reduce_results(results_t &out, const results_t &original) const;
+
+    // Run a result through the Validators
+    std::string _validate(std::string &result, int index) const;
+
+    /// Add a single result to the result set, taking into account delimiters
+    int _add_result(std::string &&result, std::vector<std::string> &res) const;
+};
+
+// [CLI11:option_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Option_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Split.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:split_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Returns false if not a short option. Otherwise, sets opt name and rest and returns true
+CLI11_INLINE bool split_short(const std::string &current, std::string &name, std::string &rest);
+
+// Returns false if not a long option. Otherwise, sets opt name and other side of = and returns true
+CLI11_INLINE bool split_long(const std::string &current, std::string &name, std::string &value);
+
+// Returns false if not a windows style option. Otherwise, sets opt name and value and returns true
+CLI11_INLINE bool split_windows_style(const std::string &current, std::string &name, std::string &value);
+
+// Splits a string into multiple long and short names
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split_names(std::string current);
+
+/// extract default flag values either {def} or starting with a !
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> get_default_flag_values(const std::string &str);
+
+/// Get a vector of short names, one of long names, and a single name
+CLI11_INLINE std::tuple<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<std::string>, std::string>
+get_names(const std::vector<std::string> &input, bool allow_non_standard = false);
+
+}  // namespace detail
+// [CLI11:split_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Split_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/StringTools.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+
+// [CLI11:string_tools_hpp:verbatim]
+
+/// Include the items in this namespace to get free conversion of enums to/from streams.
+/// (This is available inside CLI as well, so CLI11 will use this without a using statement).
+namespace enums {
+
+/// output streaming for enumerations
+template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<T>::value>::type>
+std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &in, const T &item) {
+    // make sure this is out of the detail namespace otherwise it won't be found when needed
+    // https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/input-output#print-char-or-ptr-as-number
+    return in << +static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(item);
+}
+
+}  // namespace enums
+
+/// Export to CLI namespace
+using enums::operator<<;
+
+namespace detail {
+/// a constant defining an expected max vector size defined to be a big number that could be multiplied by 4 and not
+/// produce overflow for some expected uses
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE constexpr int expected_max_vector_size{1 << 29};
+// Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/236129/split-a-string-in-c
+/// Split a string by a delim
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string &s, char delim);
+
+/// Simple function to join a string
+template <typename T> std::string join(const T &v, std::string delim = ",") {
+    std::ostringstream s;
+    auto beg = std::begin(v);
+    auto end = std::end(v);
+    if(beg != end)
+        s << *beg++;
+    while(beg != end) {
+        s << delim << *beg++;
+    }
+    auto rval = s.str();
+    if(!rval.empty() && delim.size() == 1 && rval.back() == delim[0]) {
+        // remove trailing delimiter if the last entry was empty
+        rval.pop_back();
+    }
+    return rval;
+}
+
+/// Simple function to join a string from processed elements
+template <typename T,
+          typename Callable,
+          typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_constructible<std::string, Callable>::value>::type>
+std::string join(const T &v, Callable func, std::string delim = ",") {
+    std::ostringstream s;
+    auto beg = std::begin(v);
+    auto end = std::end(v);
+    auto loc = s.tellp();
+    while(beg != end) {
+        auto nloc = s.tellp();
+        if(nloc > loc) {
+            s << delim;
+            loc = nloc;
+        }
+        s << func(*beg++);
+    }
+    return s.str();
+}
+
+/// Join a string in reverse order
+template <typename T> std::string rjoin(const T &v, std::string delim = ",") {
+    std::ostringstream s;
+    for(std::size_t start = 0; start < v.size(); start++) {
+        if(start > 0)
+            s << delim;
+        s << v[v.size() - start - 1];
+    }
+    return s.str();
+}
+
+// Based roughly on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25829143/c-trim-whitespace-from-a-string
+
+/// Trim whitespace from left of string
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &ltrim(std::string &str);
+
+/// Trim anything from left of string
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &ltrim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter);
+
+/// Trim whitespace from right of string
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &rtrim(std::string &str);
+
+/// Trim anything from right of string
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &rtrim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter);
+
+/// Trim whitespace from string
+inline std::string &trim(std::string &str) { return ltrim(rtrim(str)); }
+
+/// Trim anything from string
+inline std::string &trim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter) { return ltrim(rtrim(str, filter), filter); }
+
+/// Make a copy of the string and then trim it
+inline std::string trim_copy(const std::string &str) {
+    std::string s = str;
+    return trim(s);
+}
+
+/// remove a matching pair of outer characters (front and back) from a string if both equal `key`
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &remove_outer(std::string &str, char key);
+
+/// remove quotes at the front and back of a string either '"' or '\''
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &remove_quotes(std::string &str);
+
+/// remove quotes from all elements of a string vector and process escaped components
+CLI11_INLINE void remove_quotes(std::vector<std::string> &args);
+
+/// Add a leader to the beginning of all new lines (nothing is added
+/// at the start of the first line). `"; "` would be for ini files
+///
+/// Can't use Regex, or this would be a subs.
+CLI11_INLINE std::string fix_newlines(const std::string &leader, std::string input);
+
+/// Make a copy of the string and then trim it, any filter string can be used (any char in string is filtered)
+inline std::string trim_copy(const std::string &str, const std::string &filter) {
+    std::string s = str;
+    return trim(s, filter);
+}
+
+/// Print subcommand aliases
+CLI11_INLINE std::ostream &format_aliases(std::ostream &out, const std::vector<std::string> &aliases, std::size_t wid);
+
+/// Verify the first character of an option
+/// - is a trigger character, ! has special meaning and new lines would just be annoying to deal with
+template <typename T> bool valid_first_char(T c) {
+    return ((c != '-') && (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) > 33));  // space and '!' not allowed
+}
+
+/// Verify following characters of an option
+template <typename T> bool valid_later_char(T c) {
+    // = and : are value separators, { has special meaning for option defaults,
+    // and control codes other than tab would just be annoying to deal with in many places allowing space here has too
+    // much potential for inadvertent entry errors and bugs
+    return ((c != '=') && (c != ':') && (c != '{') && ((static_cast<unsigned char>(c) > 32) || c == '\t'));
+}
+
+/// Verify an option/subcommand name
+CLI11_INLINE bool valid_name_string(const std::string &str);
+
+/// Verify an app name
+inline bool valid_alias_name_string(const std::string &str) {
+    return ((str.find_first_of('\n') == std::string::npos) && (str.find_first_of('\0') == std::string::npos));
+}
+
+/// check if a string is a container segment separator (empty or "%%")
+inline bool is_separator(const std::string &str) {
+    return (str.empty() || (str.size() == 2 && str[0] == '%' && str[1] == '%'));
+}
+
+/// Verify that str consists of letters only
+CLI11_INLINE bool isalpha(const std::string &str);
+
+/// Return a lower case version of a string
+CLI11_INLINE std::string to_lower(std::string str);
+
+/// remove underscores from a string
+inline std::string remove_underscore(std::string str) {
+    str.erase(std::remove(std::begin(str), std::end(str), '_'), std::end(str));
+    return str;
+}
+
+/// @brief  get valid group separators _' + local separator if different
+/// @return a string containing the group separators
+CLI11_INLINE std::string get_group_separators();
+
+/// Find and replace a substring with another substring
+CLI11_INLINE std::string find_and_replace(std::string str, std::string from, std::string to);
+
+/// check if the flag definitions has possible false flags
+inline bool has_default_flag_values(const std::string &flags) {
+    return (flags.find_first_of("{!") != std::string::npos);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void remove_default_flag_values(std::string &flags);
+
+/// Check if a string is a member of a list of strings and optionally ignore case or ignore underscores
+CLI11_INLINE std::ptrdiff_t find_member(std::string name,
+                                        const std::vector<std::string> &names,
+                                        bool ignore_case = false,
+                                        bool ignore_underscore = false);
+
+/// Find a trigger string and call a modify callable function that takes the current string and starting position of the
+/// trigger and returns the position in the string to search for the next trigger string
+template <typename Callable> inline std::string find_and_modify(std::string str, std::string trigger, Callable modify) {
+    std::size_t start_pos = 0;
+    while((start_pos = str.find(trigger, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
+        start_pos = modify(str, start_pos);
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+/// close a sequence of characters indicated by a closure character.  Brackets allows sub sequences
+/// recognized bracket sequences include double quote, single quote, backquote, [, (, <, and {; other closure
+/// characters are assumed to be literal strings
+CLI11_INLINE std::size_t close_sequence(const std::string &str, std::size_t start, char closure_char);
+
+/// Split a string '"one two" "three"' into 'one two', 'three'
+/// Quote characters can be backquote, ' or " or bracket characters [{(< with matching to the matching bracket
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split_up(std::string str, char delimiter = '\0');
+
+/// get the value of an environmental variable or empty string if empty
+CLI11_INLINE std::string get_environment_value(const std::string &env_name);
+
+/// This function detects an equal or colon followed by an escaped quote after an argument
+/// then modifies the string to replace the equality with a space.  This is needed
+/// to allow the split up function to work properly and is intended to be used with the find_and_modify function
+/// the return value is the offset+1 which is required by the find_and_modify function.
+CLI11_INLINE std::size_t escape_detect(std::string &str, std::size_t offset);
+
+/// @brief  detect if a string has escapable characters
+/// @param str the string to do the detection on
+/// @return true if the string has escapable characters
+CLI11_INLINE bool has_escapable_character(const std::string &str);
+
+/// @brief escape all escapable characters
+/// @param str the string to escape
+/// @return a string with the escapable characters escaped with '\'
+CLI11_INLINE std::string add_escaped_characters(const std::string &str);
+
+/// @brief replace the escaped characters with their equivalent
+CLI11_INLINE std::string remove_escaped_characters(const std::string &str);
+
+/// generate a string with all non printable characters escaped to hex codes
+CLI11_INLINE std::string binary_escape_string(const std::string &string_to_escape, bool force = false);
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool is_binary_escaped_string(const std::string &escaped_string);
+
+/// extract an escaped binary_string
+CLI11_INLINE std::string extract_binary_string(const std::string &escaped_string);
+
+/// escape an array-like string so it cannot be interpreted as a secondary array
+CLI11_INLINE void handle_secondary_array(std::string &str);
+
+/// process a quoted string, remove the quotes and if appropriate handle escaped characters
+CLI11_INLINE bool process_quoted_string(std::string &str,
+                                        char string_char = '\"',
+                                        char literal_char = '\'',
+                                        bool disable_secondary_array_processing = false);
+
+/// This function formats the given text as a paragraph with fixed width and applies correct line wrapping
+/// with a custom line prefix. The paragraph will get streamed to the given ostream.
+CLI11_INLINE std::ostream &streamOutAsParagraph(std::ostream &out,
+                                                const std::string &text,
+                                                std::size_t paragraphWidth,
+                                                const std::string &linePrefix = "",
+                                                bool skipPrefixOnFirstLine = false);
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// [CLI11:string_tools_hpp:end]
+
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/StringTools_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Timer.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace CLI {
+
+/// This is a simple timer with pretty printing. Creating the timer starts counting.
+class Timer {
+  protected:
+    /// This is a typedef to make clocks easier to use
+    using clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+
+    /// This typedef is for points in time
+    using time_point = std::chrono::time_point<clock>;
+
+    /// This is the type of a printing function, you can make your own
+    using time_print_t = std::function<std::string(std::string, std::string)>;
+
+    /// This is the title of the timer
+    std::string title_;
+
+    /// This is the function that is used to format most of the timing message
+    time_print_t time_print_;
+
+    /// This is the starting point (when the timer was created)
+    time_point start_;
+
+    /// This is the number of times cycles (print divides by this number)
+    std::size_t cycles{1};
+
+  public:
+    /// Standard print function, this one is set by default
+    static std::string Simple(std::string title, std::string time) { return title + ": " + time; }
+
+    /// This is a fancy print function with --- headers
+    static std::string Big(std::string title, std::string time) {
+        return std::string("-----------------------------------------\n") + "| " + title + " | Time = " + time + "\n" +
+               "-----------------------------------------";
+    }
+
+  public:
+    /// Standard constructor, can set title and print function
+    explicit Timer(std::string title = "Timer", time_print_t time_print = Simple)
+        : title_(std::move(title)), time_print_(std::move(time_print)), start_(clock::now()) {}
+
+    /// Time a function by running it multiple times. Target time is the len to target.
+    std::string time_it(std::function<void()> f, double target_time = 1) {
+        time_point start = start_;
+        double total_time = NAN;
+
+        start_ = clock::now();
+        std::size_t n = 0;
+        do {
+            f();
+            std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed = clock::now() - start_;
+            total_time = elapsed.count();
+        } while(n++ < 100u && total_time < target_time);
+
+        std::string out = make_time_str(total_time / static_cast<double>(n)) + " for " + std::to_string(n) + " tries";
+        start_ = start;
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    /// This formats the numerical value for the time string
+    std::string make_time_str() const {  // NOLINT(modernize-use-nodiscard)
+        time_point stop = clock::now();
+        std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed = stop - start_;
+        double time = elapsed.count() / static_cast<double>(cycles);
+        return make_time_str(time);
+    }
+
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    /// This prints out a time string from a time
+    std::string make_time_str(double time) const {  // NOLINT(modernize-use-nodiscard)
+        auto print_it = [](double x, std::string unit) {
+            const unsigned int buffer_length = 50;
+            std::array<char, buffer_length> buffer;
+            std::snprintf(buffer.data(), buffer_length, "%.5g", x);
+            return buffer.data() + std::string(" ") + unit;
+        };
+
+        if(time < .000001)
+            return print_it(time * 1000000000, "ns");
+        if(time < .001)
+            return print_it(time * 1000000, "us");
+        if(time < 1)
+            return print_it(time * 1000, "ms");
+        return print_it(time, "s");
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+    /// This is the main function, it creates a string
+    std::string to_string() const { return time_print_(title_, make_time_str()); }  // NOLINT(modernize-use-nodiscard)
+
+    /// Division sets the number of cycles to divide by (no graphical change)
+    Timer &operator/(std::size_t val) {
+        cycles = val;
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+/// This class prints out the time upon destruction
+class AutoTimer : public Timer {
+  public:
+    using Timer::Timer;
+
+    /// This destructor prints the string
+    ~AutoTimer() { std::cout << to_string() << '\n'; }
+};
+
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+/// This prints out the time if shifted into a std::cout like stream.
+inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &in, const CLI::Timer &timer) { return in << timer.to_string(); }

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Validators.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+#include "Error.hpp"
+#include "Macros.hpp"
+#include "StringTools.hpp"
+#include "TypeTools.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+// [CLI11:validators_hpp_filesystem:verbatim]
+
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+#include <filesystem>
+#else
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+
+// [CLI11:validators_hpp_filesystem:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:validators_hpp:verbatim]
+
+class Option;
+
+/// @defgroup validator_group Validators
+
+/// @brief Some validators that are provided
+///
+/// These are simple `std::string(const std::string&)` validators that are useful. They return
+/// a string if the validation fails. A custom struct is provided, as well, with the same user
+/// semantics, but with the ability to provide a new type name.
+/// @{
+
+///
+class Validator {
+  protected:
+    /// This is the description function, if empty the description_ will be used
+    std::function<std::string()> desc_function_{[]() { return std::string{}; }};
+
+    /// This is the base function that is to be called.
+    /// Returns a string error message if validation fails.
+    std::function<std::string(std::string &)> func_{[](std::string &) { return std::string{}; }};
+    /// The name for search purposes of the Validator
+    std::string name_{};
+    /// A Validator will only apply to an indexed value (-1 is all elements)
+    int application_index_ = -1;
+    /// Enable for Validator to allow it to be disabled if need be
+    bool active_{true};
+    /// specify that a validator should not modify the input
+    bool non_modifying_{false};
+
+    Validator(std::string validator_desc, std::function<std::string(std::string &)> func);
+
+  public:
+    Validator() = default;
+    /// Construct a Validator with just the description string
+    explicit Validator(std::string validator_desc) : desc_function_([validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; }) {}
+    /// Construct Validator from basic information
+    Validator(std::function<std::string(std::string &)> op,
+              std::string validator_desc,
+              std::string validator_name = "");
+    /// Set the Validator operation function
+    Validator &operation(std::function<std::string(std::string &)> op) {
+        func_ = std::move(op);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// This is the required operator for a Validator - provided to help
+    /// users (CLI11 uses the member `func` directly)
+    std::string operator()(std::string &str) const;
+
+    /// This is the required operator for a Validator - provided to help
+    /// users (CLI11 uses the member `func` directly)
+    std::string operator()(const std::string &str) const;
+
+    /// Specify the type string
+    Validator &description(std::string validator_desc) {
+        desc_function_ = [validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; };
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the type string
+    CLI11_NODISCARD Validator description(std::string validator_desc) const;
+
+    /// Generate type description information for the Validator
+    CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_description() const;
+    /// Specify the type string
+    Validator &name(std::string validator_name) {
+        name_ = std::move(validator_name);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the type string
+    CLI11_NODISCARD Validator name(std::string validator_name) const;
+    /// Get the name of the Validator
+    CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &get_name() const { return name_; }
+    /// Specify whether the Validator is active or not
+    Validator &active(bool active_val = true) {
+        active_ = active_val;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// Specify whether the Validator is active or not
+    CLI11_NODISCARD Validator active(bool active_val = true) const;
+
+    /// Specify whether the Validator can be modifying or not
+    Validator &non_modifying(bool no_modify = true) {
+        non_modifying_ = no_modify;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the application index of a validator
+    Validator &application_index(int app_index) {
+        application_index_ = app_index;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// Specify the application index of a validator
+    CLI11_NODISCARD Validator application_index(int app_index) const;
+    /// Get the current value of the application index
+    CLI11_NODISCARD int get_application_index() const { return application_index_; }
+    /// Get a boolean if the validator is active
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_active() const { return active_; }
+
+    /// Get a boolean if the validator is allowed to modify the input returns true if it can modify the input
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_modifying() const { return !non_modifying_; }
+
+    /// Combining validators is a new validator. Type comes from left validator if function, otherwise only set if the
+    /// same.
+    Validator operator&(const Validator &other) const;
+
+    /// Combining validators is a new validator. Type comes from left validator if function, otherwise only set if the
+    /// same.
+    Validator operator|(const Validator &other) const;
+
+    /// Create a validator that fails when a given validator succeeds
+    Validator operator!() const;
+
+  private:
+    void _merge_description(const Validator &val1, const Validator &val2, const std::string &merger);
+};
+
+/// Alias for Validator for custom Validator for clarity
+using CustomValidator = Validator;
+
+// The implementation of the built in validators is using the Validator class;
+// the user is only expected to use the const (static) versions (since there's no setup).
+// Therefore, this is in detail.
+namespace detail {
+
+/// CLI enumeration of different file types
+enum class path_type : std::uint8_t { nonexistent, file, directory };
+
+/// get the type of the path from a file name
+CLI11_INLINE path_type check_path(const char *file) noexcept;
+
+// Static is not needed here, because global const implies static.
+
+/// Check for an existing file (returns error message if check fails)
+class ExistingFileValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    ExistingFileValidator();
+};
+
+/// Check for an existing directory (returns error message if check fails)
+class ExistingDirectoryValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    ExistingDirectoryValidator();
+};
+
+/// Check for an existing path
+class ExistingPathValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    ExistingPathValidator();
+};
+
+/// Check for an non-existing path
+class NonexistentPathValidator : public Validator {
+  public:
+    NonexistentPathValidator();
+};
+
+class EscapedStringTransformer : public Validator {
+  public:
+    EscapedStringTransformer();
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/// Check for existing file (returns error message if check fails)
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::ExistingFileValidator ExistingFile;
+
+/// Check for an existing directory (returns error message if check fails)
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::ExistingDirectoryValidator ExistingDirectory;
+
+/// Check for an existing path
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::ExistingPathValidator ExistingPath;
+
+/// Check for an non-existing path
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::NonexistentPathValidator NonexistentPath;
+
+/// convert escaped characters into their associated values
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const detail::EscapedStringTransformer EscapedString;
+
+/// Modify a path if the file is a particular default location, can be used as Check or transform
+/// with the error return optionally disabled
+class FileOnDefaultPath : public Validator {
+  public:
+    explicit FileOnDefaultPath(std::string default_path, bool enableErrorReturn = true);
+};
+
+/// Produce a range (factory). Min and max are inclusive.
+class Range : public Validator {
+  public:
+    /// This produces a range with min and max inclusive.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the constructor is templated, but the struct is not, so C++17 is not
+    /// needed to provide nice syntax for Range(a,b).
+    template <typename T>
+    Range(T min_val, T max_val, const std::string &validator_name = std::string{}) : Validator(validator_name) {
+        if(validator_name.empty()) {
+            std::stringstream out;
+            out << detail::type_name<T>() << " in [" << min_val << " - " << max_val << "]";
+            description(out.str());
+        }
+
+        func_ = [min_val, max_val](std::string &input) {
+            using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+            T val;
+            bool converted = lexical_cast(input, val);
+            if((!converted) || (val < min_val || val > max_val)) {
+                std::stringstream out;
+                out << "Value " << input << " not in range [";
+                out << min_val << " - " << max_val << "]";
+                return out.str();
+            }
+            return std::string{};
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Range of one value is 0 to value
+    template <typename T>
+    explicit Range(T max_val, const std::string &validator_name = std::string{})
+        : Range(static_cast<T>(0), max_val, validator_name) {}
+};
+
+/// Check for a non negative number
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const Range NonNegativeNumber((std::numeric_limits<double>::max)(), "NONNEGATIVE");
+
+/// Check for a positive valued number (val>0.0), <double>::denorm_min is the smallest positive number
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const
+    Range PositiveNumber((std::numeric_limits<double>::denorm_min)(), (std::numeric_limits<double>::max)(), "POSITIVE");
+
+namespace detail {
+// the following suggestion was made by Nikita Ofitserov(@himikof)
+// done in templates to prevent compiler warnings on negation of unsigned numbers
+
+/// Do a check for overflow on signed numbers
+template <typename T>
+inline typename std::enable_if<std::is_signed<T>::value, bool>::type overflowCheck(const T &a, const T &b) {
+    if((a > 0) == (b > 0)) {
+        return ((std::numeric_limits<T>::max)() / (std::abs)(a) < (std::abs)(b));
+    }
+    return ((std::numeric_limits<T>::min)() / (std::abs)(a) > -(std::abs)(b));
+}
+/// Do a check for overflow on unsigned numbers
+template <typename T>
+inline typename std::enable_if<!std::is_signed<T>::value, bool>::type overflowCheck(const T &a, const T &b) {
+    return ((std::numeric_limits<T>::max)() / a < b);
+}
+
+/// Performs a *= b; if it doesn't cause integer overflow. Returns false otherwise.
+template <typename T> typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, bool>::type checked_multiply(T &a, T b) {
+    if(a == 0 || b == 0 || a == 1 || b == 1) {
+        a *= b;
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(a == (std::numeric_limits<T>::min)() || b == (std::numeric_limits<T>::min)()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if(overflowCheck(a, b)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    a *= b;
+    return true;
+}
+
+/// Performs a *= b; if it doesn't equal infinity. Returns false otherwise.
+template <typename T>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, bool>::type checked_multiply(T &a, T b) {
+    T c = a * b;
+    if(std::isinf(c) && !std::isinf(a) && !std::isinf(b)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    a = c;
+    return true;
+}
+/// Split a string into a program name and command line arguments
+/// the string is assumed to contain a file name followed by other arguments
+/// the return value contains is a pair with the first argument containing the program name and the second
+/// everything else.
+CLI11_INLINE std::pair<std::string, std::string> split_program_name(std::string commandline);
+
+}  // namespace detail
+/// @}
+
+// [CLI11:validators_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
+#include "impl/Validators_inl.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/Version.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:version_hpp:verbatim]
+
+#define CLI11_VERSION_MAJOR 2
+#define CLI11_VERSION_MINOR 7
+#define CLI11_VERSION_PATCH 2
+#define CLI11_VERSION "2.7.2"
+
+// [CLI11:version_hpp:end]

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Argv_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../Argv.hpp"
+
+#include "../Encoding.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+// [CLI11:argv_inl_includes:verbatim]
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#if !(defined(_AMD64_) || defined(_X86_) || defined(_ARM_))
+#if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_X64) ||           \
+    defined(_M_AMD64)
+#define _AMD64_
+#elif defined(i386) || defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86)
+#define _X86_
+#elif defined(__arm__) || defined(_M_ARM) || defined(_M_ARMT)
+#define _ARM_
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
+#define _ARM64_
+#elif defined(_M_ARM64EC)
+#define _ARM64EC_
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// first
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+// if NOMINMAX is already defined we don't want to mess with that either way
+#define NOMINMAX
+#include <windef.h>
+#undef NOMINMAX
+#else
+#include <windef.h>
+#endif
+
+// second
+#include <winbase.h>
+// third
+#include <processthreadsapi.h>
+#include <shellapi.h>
+// CommandLineToArgvW lives in shell32. CMake/Bazel already link it when using the
+// CLI11 targets; this pragma covers MSVC/clang-cl consumers that only include the
+// headers (or clear CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_LIBRARIES). See #1053 and
+// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/preprocessor/comment-c-cpp#lib
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma comment(lib, "shell32.lib")
+#endif
+#endif
+// [CLI11:argv_inl_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:argv_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> compute_win32_argv() {
+    std::vector<std::string> result;
+    int argc = 0;
+
+    auto deleter = [](wchar_t **ptr) { LocalFree(ptr); };
+    // NOLINTBEGIN(*-avoid-c-arrays)
+    auto wargv = std::unique_ptr<wchar_t *[], decltype(deleter)>(CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc), deleter);
+    // NOLINTEND(*-avoid-c-arrays)
+
+    if(wargv == nullptr) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("CommandLineToArgvW failed with code " + std::to_string(GetLastError()));
+    }
+
+    result.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(argc));
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(argc); ++i) {
+        result.push_back(narrow(wargv[i]));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// [CLI11:argv_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Config_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../Config.hpp"
+
+#include "../Encoding.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <locale>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:config_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string ConfigItem::fullname() const {
+    std::vector<std::string> tmp = parents;
+    tmp.emplace_back(name);
+    return detail::join(tmp, ".");
+    (void)multiline;  // suppression for cppcheck false positive
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string
+Config::to_config(const App *app, ConfigOutputMode mode, bool write_description, std::string prefix) const {
+    return to_config(app, mode != ConfigOutputMode::Active, write_description, std::move(prefix));
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string Config::to_flag(const ConfigItem &item) const {
+    if(item.inputs.size() == 1) {
+        return item.inputs.at(0);
+    }
+    if(item.inputs.empty()) {
+        return "{}";
+    }
+    throw ConversionError::TooManyInputsFlag(item.fullname());  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<ConfigItem> Config::from_file(const std::string &name) const {
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+    std::ifstream input{to_path(name)};
+#else
+    std::ifstream input{name};
+#endif
+
+    if(!input.good())
+        throw FileError::Missing(name);
+
+    return from_config(input);
+}
+
+static constexpr auto multiline_literal_quote = R"(''')";
+static constexpr auto multiline_string_quote = R"(""")";
+
+namespace detail {
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool is_printable(const std::string &test_string) {
+    return std::all_of(test_string.begin(), test_string.end(), [](char x) {
+        return (isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(x)) != 0 || x == '\n' || x == '\t');
+    });
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string
+convert_arg_for_ini(const std::string &arg, char stringQuote, char literalQuote, bool disable_multi_line) {
+    if(arg.empty()) {
+        return std::string(2, stringQuote);
+    }
+    // some specifically supported strings
+    if(arg == "true" || arg == "false" || arg == "nan" || arg == "inf") {
+        return arg;
+    }
+    // floating point conversion can convert some hex codes, but don't try that here
+    if(arg.compare(0, 2, "0x") != 0 && arg.compare(0, 2, "0X") != 0) {
+        using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+        double val = 0.0;
+        if(lexical_cast(arg, val)) {
+            if(arg.find_first_not_of("0123456789.-+eE") == std::string::npos) {
+                return arg;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // just quote a single non numeric character
+    if(arg.size() == 1) {
+        if(isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(arg.front())) == 0) {
+            return binary_escape_string(arg);
+        }
+        if(arg == "'") {
+            return std::string(1, stringQuote) + "'" + stringQuote;
+        }
+        return std::string(1, literalQuote) + arg + literalQuote;
+    }
+    // handle hex, binary or octal arguments
+    if(arg.front() == '0') {
+        if(arg[1] == 'x') {
+            if(std::all_of(arg.begin() + 2, arg.end(), [](char x) {
+                   return (x >= '0' && x <= '9') || (x >= 'A' && x <= 'F') || (x >= 'a' && x <= 'f');
+               })) {
+                return arg;
+            }
+        } else if(arg[1] == 'o') {
+            if(std::all_of(arg.begin() + 2, arg.end(), [](char x) { return (x >= '0' && x <= '7'); })) {
+                return arg;
+            }
+        } else if(arg[1] == 'b') {
+            if(std::all_of(arg.begin() + 2, arg.end(), [](char x) { return (x == '0' || x == '1'); })) {
+                return arg;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if(!is_printable(arg)) {
+        return binary_escape_string(arg);
+    }
+    if(detail::has_escapable_character(arg)) {
+        if(arg.size() > 100 && !disable_multi_line) {
+            if(arg.find(multiline_literal_quote) != std::string::npos) {
+                return binary_escape_string(arg, true);
+            }
+            std::string return_string{multiline_literal_quote};
+            return_string.reserve(7 + arg.size());
+            if(arg.front() == '\n') {
+                return_string.push_back('\n');
+            }
+            return_string.append(arg);
+            if(arg.back() == '\n') {
+                return_string.push_back('\n');
+            }
+            return_string.append(multiline_literal_quote, 3);
+            return return_string;
+        }
+        return std::string(1, stringQuote) + detail::add_escaped_characters(arg) + stringQuote;
+    }
+    return std::string(1, stringQuote) + arg + stringQuote;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string ini_join(const std::vector<std::string> &args,
+                                  char sepChar,
+                                  char arrayStart,
+                                  char arrayEnd,
+                                  char stringQuote,
+                                  char literalQuote) {
+    bool disable_multi_line{false};
+    std::string joined;
+    if(args.size() > 1 && arrayStart != '\0') {
+        joined.push_back(arrayStart);
+        disable_multi_line = true;
+    }
+    const bool sep_is_space = std::isspace<char>(sepChar, std::locale());
+    std::size_t start = 0;
+    for(const auto &arg : args) {
+        if(start++ > 0) {
+            joined.push_back(sepChar);
+            if(!sep_is_space) {
+                joined.push_back(' ');
+            }
+        }
+        joined.append(convert_arg_for_ini(arg, stringQuote, literalQuote, disable_multi_line));
+    }
+    if(args.size() > 1 && arrayEnd != '\0') {
+        joined.push_back(arrayEnd);
+    }
+    return joined;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string>
+generate_parents(const std::string &section, std::string &name, char parentSeparator) {
+    std::vector<std::string> parents;
+    if(detail::to_lower(section) != "default") {
+        if(section.find(parentSeparator) != std::string::npos) {
+            parents = detail::split_up(section, parentSeparator);
+        } else {
+            parents = {section};
+        }
+    }
+    if(name.find(parentSeparator) != std::string::npos) {
+        std::vector<std::string> plist = detail::split_up(name, parentSeparator);
+        name = plist.back();
+        plist.pop_back();
+        parents.insert(parents.end(), plist.begin(), plist.end());
+    }
+    // clean up quotes on the parents
+    try {
+        detail::remove_quotes(parents);
+    } catch(const std::invalid_argument &iarg) {
+        throw CLI::ParseError(iarg.what(), CLI::ExitCodes::InvalidError);
+    }
+    return parents;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void
+checkParentSegments(std::vector<ConfigItem> &output, const std::string &currentSection, char parentSeparator) {
+
+    std::string estring;
+    auto parents = detail::generate_parents(currentSection, estring, parentSeparator);
+    if(!output.empty() && output.back().name == "--") {
+        std::size_t msize = (parents.size() > 1U) ? parents.size() : 2;
+        while(output.back().parents.size() >= msize) {
+            output.push_back(output.back());
+            output.back().parents.pop_back();
+        }
+
+        if(parents.size() > 1) {
+            std::size_t common = 0;
+            std::size_t mpair = (std::min)(output.back().parents.size(), parents.size() - 1);
+            for(std::size_t ii = 0; ii < mpair; ++ii) {
+                if(output.back().parents[ii] != parents[ii]) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ++common;
+            }
+            if(common == mpair) {
+                output.pop_back();
+            } else {
+                while(output.back().parents.size() > common + 1) {
+                    output.push_back(output.back());
+                    output.back().parents.pop_back();
+                }
+            }
+            for(std::size_t ii = common; ii < parents.size() - 1; ++ii) {
+                output.emplace_back();
+                output.back().parents.assign(parents.begin(), parents.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ii) + 1);
+                output.back().name = "++";
+            }
+        }
+    } else if(parents.size() > 1) {
+        for(std::size_t ii = 0; ii < parents.size() - 1; ++ii) {
+            output.emplace_back();
+            output.back().parents.assign(parents.begin(), parents.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ii) + 1);
+            output.back().name = "++";
+        }
+    }
+
+    // insert a section end which is just an empty items_buffer
+    output.emplace_back();
+    output.back().parents = std::move(parents);
+    output.back().name = "++";
+}
+
+/// @brief  checks if a string represents a multiline comment
+CLI11_INLINE bool hasMLString(std::string const &fullString, char check) {
+    if(fullString.length() < 3) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto it = fullString.rbegin();
+    return (*it == check) && (*(it + 1) == check) && (*(it + 2) == check);
+}
+
+/// @brief  find a matching configItem in a list
+CLI11_INLINE auto find_matching_config(std::vector<ConfigItem> &items,
+                                       const std::vector<std::string> &parents,
+                                       const std::string &name,
+                                       bool fullSearch) -> decltype(items.begin()) {
+    if(items.empty()) {
+        return items.end();
+    }
+    auto search = items.end() - 1;
+    do {
+        if(search->parents == parents && search->name == name) {
+            return search;
+        }
+        if(search == items.begin()) {
+            break;
+        }
+        --search;
+    } while(fullSearch);
+    return items.end();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void clean_name_string(std::string &name, const std::string &keyChars) {
+    if(name.find_first_of(keyChars) != std::string::npos || (name.front() == '[' && name.back() == ']') ||
+       (name.find_first_of("'`\"\\") != std::string::npos)) {
+        if(name.find_first_of('\'') == std::string::npos) {
+            name.insert(0, 1, '\'');
+            name.push_back('\'');
+        } else {
+            if(detail::has_escapable_character(name)) {
+                name = detail::add_escaped_characters(name);
+            }
+            name.insert(0, 1, '\"');
+            name.push_back('\"');
+        }
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<ConfigItem> ConfigBase::from_config(std::istream &input) const {
+    std::string line;
+    std::string buffer;
+    std::string currentSection = "default";
+    std::string previousSection = "default";
+    std::vector<ConfigItem> output;
+    bool isDefaultArray = (arrayStart == '[' && arrayEnd == ']' && arraySeparator == ',');
+    bool isINIArray = (arrayStart == '\0' || arrayStart == ' ') && arrayStart == arrayEnd;
+    bool inSection{false};
+    bool inMLineComment{false};
+    bool inMLineValue{false};
+
+    char aStart = (isINIArray) ? '[' : arrayStart;
+    char aEnd = (isINIArray) ? ']' : arrayEnd;
+    char aSep = (isINIArray && arraySeparator == ' ') ? ',' : arraySeparator;
+    int currentSectionIndex{0};
+
+    std::string line_sep_chars{parentSeparatorChar, commentChar, valueDelimiter};
+    while(getline(input, buffer)) {
+        std::vector<std::string> items_buffer;
+        std::string name;
+        line = detail::trim_copy(buffer);
+        std::size_t len = line.length();
+        // lines have to be at least 3 characters to have any meaning to CLI just skip the rest
+        if(len < 3) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if(line.compare(0, 3, multiline_string_quote) == 0 || line.compare(0, 3, multiline_literal_quote) == 0) {
+            // check if the multiline comment opens and closes on the same line; the opening quotes
+            // themselves must not be counted as the closer hence the length requirement
+            if(len >= 6 && detail::hasMLString(line, line.front())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            inMLineComment = true;
+            auto cchar = line.front();
+            while(inMLineComment) {
+                if(getline(input, line)) {
+                    detail::trim(line);
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if(detail::hasMLString(line, cchar)) {
+                    inMLineComment = false;
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        // strip a trailing comment (quote aware) for section headers so that "[section] # comment"
+        // is recognized as a section; value lines handle their own trailing comments later
+        if(line.front() == '[' && line.back() != ']' && line.find_first_of(commentChar) != std::string::npos) {
+            std::size_t comment_search = 0;
+            while(comment_search < line.size()) {
+                auto test_char = line[comment_search];
+                if(test_char == '\"' || test_char == '\'' || test_char == '`') {
+                    comment_search = detail::close_sequence(line, comment_search, line[comment_search]);
+                    ++comment_search;
+                } else if(test_char == commentChar) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    ++comment_search;
+                }
+            }
+            if(comment_search < line.size() && line[comment_search] == commentChar) {
+                line = detail::trim_copy(line.substr(0, comment_search));
+                len = line.length();
+                if(len < 3) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if(line.front() == '[' && line.back() == ']') {
+            if(currentSection != "default") {
+                // insert a section end which is just an empty items_buffer
+                output.emplace_back();
+                output.back().parents = detail::generate_parents(currentSection, name, parentSeparatorChar);
+                output.back().name = "--";
+            }
+            currentSection = line.substr(1, len - 2);
+            // deal with double brackets for TOML
+            if(currentSection.size() > 1 && currentSection.front() == '[' && currentSection.back() == ']') {
+                currentSection = currentSection.substr(1, currentSection.size() - 2);
+            }
+            if(detail::to_lower(currentSection) == "default") {
+                currentSection = "default";
+            } else {
+                detail::checkParentSegments(output, currentSection, parentSeparatorChar);
+            }
+            inSection = false;
+            if(currentSection == previousSection) {
+                ++currentSectionIndex;
+            } else {
+                currentSectionIndex = 0;
+                previousSection = currentSection;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // comment lines
+        if(line.front() == ';' || line.front() == '#' || line.front() == commentChar) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::size_t search_start = 0;
+        if(line.find_first_of("\"'`") != std::string::npos) {
+            while(search_start < line.size()) {
+                auto test_char = line[search_start];
+                if(test_char == '\"' || test_char == '\'' || test_char == '`') {
+                    search_start = detail::close_sequence(line, search_start, line[search_start]);
+                    ++search_start;
+                } else if(test_char == valueDelimiter || test_char == commentChar) {
+                    --search_start;
+                    break;
+                } else if(test_char == ' ' || test_char == '\t' || test_char == parentSeparatorChar) {
+                    ++search_start;
+                } else {
+                    search_start = line.find_first_of(line_sep_chars, search_start);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Find = in string, split and recombine
+        auto delimiter_pos = line.find_first_of(valueDelimiter, search_start + 1);
+        auto comment_pos = line.find_first_of(commentChar, search_start);
+        if(comment_pos < delimiter_pos) {
+            delimiter_pos = std::string::npos;
+        }
+        if(delimiter_pos != std::string::npos) {
+
+            name = detail::trim_copy(line.substr(0, delimiter_pos));
+            std::string item = detail::trim_copy(line.substr(delimiter_pos + 1, std::string::npos));
+            bool mlquote =
+                (item.compare(0, 3, multiline_literal_quote) == 0 || item.compare(0, 3, multiline_string_quote) == 0);
+            if(!mlquote && comment_pos != std::string::npos) {
+                auto citems = detail::split_up(item, commentChar);
+                item = detail::trim_copy(citems.front());
+            }
+            if(mlquote) {
+                // multiline string
+                auto keyChar = item.front();
+                auto offset = buffer.find_first_not_of(" \t");
+                item = buffer.substr((offset == std::string::npos ? 0 : offset) + delimiter_pos + 1, std::string::npos);
+                detail::ltrim(item);
+                item.erase(0, 3);
+                inMLineValue = true;
+                bool lineExtension{false};
+                bool firstLine = true;
+                if(!item.empty() && item.back() == '\\' && keyChar == '\"') {
+                    item.pop_back();
+                    lineExtension = true;
+                } else if(detail::hasMLString(item, keyChar)) {
+                    // deal with the first line closing the multiline literal
+                    item.pop_back();
+                    item.pop_back();
+                    item.pop_back();
+                    if(keyChar == '\"') {
+                        try {
+                            item = detail::remove_escaped_characters(item);
+                        } catch(const std::invalid_argument &iarg) {
+                            throw CLI::ParseError(iarg.what(), CLI::ExitCodes::InvalidError);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    inMLineValue = false;
+                }
+                while(inMLineValue) {
+                    std::string l2;
+                    if(!std::getline(input, l2)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    line = l2;
+                    detail::rtrim(line);
+                    if(detail::hasMLString(line, keyChar)) {
+                        line.pop_back();
+                        line.pop_back();
+                        line.pop_back();
+                        if(lineExtension) {
+                            detail::ltrim(line);
+                        } else if(!(firstLine && item.empty())) {
+                            item.push_back('\n');
+                        }
+                        firstLine = false;
+                        item += line;
+                        inMLineValue = false;
+                        if(!item.empty() && item.back() == '\n') {
+                            item.pop_back();
+                        }
+                        if(keyChar == '\"') {
+                            try {
+                                item = detail::remove_escaped_characters(item);
+                            } catch(const std::invalid_argument &iarg) {
+                                throw CLI::ParseError(iarg.what(), CLI::ExitCodes::InvalidError);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if(lineExtension) {
+                            detail::trim(l2);
+                        } else if(!(firstLine && item.empty())) {
+                            item.push_back('\n');
+                        }
+                        lineExtension = false;
+                        firstLine = false;
+                        if(!l2.empty() && l2.back() == '\\' && keyChar == '\"') {
+                            lineExtension = true;
+                            l2.pop_back();
+                        }
+                        item += l2;
+                    }
+                }
+                items_buffer = {item};
+            } else if(!item.empty() && item.front() == aStart) {
+                for(std::string multiline; item.back() != aEnd && std::getline(input, multiline);) {
+                    detail::trim(multiline);
+                    item += multiline;
+                }
+                if(item.back() == aEnd) {
+                    items_buffer = detail::split_up(item.substr(1, item.length() - 2), aSep);
+                } else {
+                    items_buffer = detail::split_up(item.substr(1, std::string::npos), aSep);
+                }
+            } else if((isDefaultArray || isINIArray) && item.find_first_of(aSep) != std::string::npos) {
+                items_buffer = detail::split_up(item, aSep);
+            } else if((isDefaultArray || isINIArray) && item.find_first_of(' ') != std::string::npos) {
+                items_buffer = detail::split_up(item, '\0');
+            } else {
+                items_buffer = {item};
+            }
+        } else {
+            name = detail::trim_copy(line.substr(0, comment_pos));
+            items_buffer = {"true"};
+        }
+        std::vector<std::string> parents;
+        try {
+            parents = detail::generate_parents(currentSection, name, parentSeparatorChar);
+            detail::process_quoted_string(name, '"', '\'', true);
+            // clean up quotes on the items and check for escaped strings
+            for(auto &it : items_buffer) {
+                detail::process_quoted_string(it, stringQuote, literalQuote);
+            }
+        } catch(const std::invalid_argument &ia) {
+            throw CLI::ParseError(ia.what(), CLI::ExitCodes::InvalidError);
+        }
+
+        if(parents.size() > maximumLayers) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if(!configSection.empty() && !inSection) {
+            if(parents.empty() || parents.front() != configSection) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(configIndex >= 0 && currentSectionIndex != configIndex) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            parents.erase(parents.begin());
+            inSection = true;
+        }
+        auto match = detail::find_matching_config(output, parents, name, allowMultipleDuplicateFields);
+        if(match != output.end()) {
+            if((match->inputs.size() > 1 && items_buffer.size() > 1) || allowMultipleDuplicateFields) {
+                // insert a separator if one is not already present
+                if(!(match->inputs.back().empty() || items_buffer.front().empty() || match->inputs.back() == "%%" ||
+                     items_buffer.front() == "%%")) {
+                    match->inputs.emplace_back("%%");
+                    match->multiline = true;
+                }
+            }
+            match->inputs.insert(match->inputs.end(), items_buffer.begin(), items_buffer.end());
+        } else {
+            output.emplace_back();
+            output.back().parents = std::move(parents);
+            output.back().name = std::move(name);
+            output.back().inputs = std::move(items_buffer);
+        }
+    }
+    if(currentSection != "default") {
+        // insert a section end which is just an empty items_buffer
+        std::string ename;
+        output.emplace_back();
+        output.back().parents = detail::generate_parents(currentSection, ename, parentSeparatorChar);
+        output.back().name = "--";
+        while(output.back().parents.size() > 1) {
+            output.push_back(output.back());
+            output.back().parents.pop_back();
+        }
+    }
+    return output;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string
+ConfigBase::to_config(const App *app, bool default_also, bool write_description, std::string prefix) const {
+    return to_config(app,
+                     default_also ? ConfigOutputMode::AllDefaults : ConfigOutputMode::Active,
+                     write_description,
+                     std::move(prefix));
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string
+ConfigBase::to_config(const App *app, ConfigOutputMode mode, bool write_description, std::string prefix) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    const bool include_default_values = (mode != ConfigOutputMode::Active);
+    std::string commentLead;
+    commentLead.push_back(commentChar);
+    commentLead.push_back(' ');
+
+    std::string commentTest = "#;";
+    commentTest.push_back(commentChar);
+    commentTest.push_back(parentSeparatorChar);
+
+    std::string keyChars = commentTest;
+    keyChars.push_back(literalQuote);
+    keyChars.push_back(stringQuote);
+    keyChars.push_back(arrayStart);
+    keyChars.push_back(arrayEnd);
+    keyChars.push_back(valueDelimiter);
+    keyChars.push_back(arraySeparator);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> groups = app->get_groups();
+    bool defaultUsed = false;
+    groups.insert(groups.begin(), std::string("OPTIONS"));
+
+    const std::vector<const Option *> options = app->get_options({});
+    for(auto &group : groups) {
+        if(group == "OPTIONS" || group.empty()) {
+            if(defaultUsed) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            defaultUsed = true;
+        }
+        if(write_description && group != "OPTIONS" && !group.empty()) {
+            out << '\n' << commentChar << commentLead << group << " Options\n";
+        }
+        for(const Option *opt : app->get_options({})) {
+            // Only process options that are configurable
+            if(opt->get_configurable()) {
+                if(opt->get_group() != group) {
+                    if(!(group == "OPTIONS" && opt->get_group().empty())) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                std::string single_name = opt->get_single_name();
+                if(single_name.empty()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                auto results = opt->reduced_results();
+                if(results.size() > 1 && opt->get_multi_option_policy() == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::Reverse) {
+                    std::reverse(results.begin(), results.end());
+                }
+                if(opt->get_multi_option_policy() == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::Sum && opt->count() >= 1 &&
+                   results.size() == 1) {
+                    // if the multi option policy is sum then there is a possibility of incorrect fields being produced
+                    // best to just use the original data for config files
+                    auto pos = opt->_validate(results[0], 0);
+                    if(!pos.empty()) {
+                        results = opt->results();
+                    }
+                }
+                if(opt->get_multi_option_policy() == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::Join && opt->count() > 1) {
+                    char delim = opt->get_delimiter();
+                    if(delim == '\0') {
+                        // this branch deals with a situation where the output would not be readable by a config file
+                        results = opt->results();
+                    } else {
+                        // this branch deals with the case of the strings containing the delimiter itself or empty
+                        // strings which would be interpreted incorrectly
+                        auto delim_count = std::count(results[0].begin(), results[0].end(), delim);
+                        if(results[0].back() == delim ||
+                           static_cast<decltype(delim_count)>(opt->count()) <= delim_count ||
+                           results[0].find(std::string(2, delim)) != std::string::npos) {
+                            results = opt->results();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                std::string value;
+
+                if(opt->count() == 1 && results.size() == 2 && results.front() == "{}" && results.back() == "%%") {
+                    // there is a catch to allow for {} to used as as string in the output
+                    //  it will append a sequence terminator to the output so the lexical conversion handles it
+                    //  correctly but that is meant for config files so when outputting for a config file we need to
+                    //  makes sure to get the correct output
+                    value = "\"{}\"";
+                } else {
+                    value = detail::ini_join(results, arraySeparator, arrayStart, arrayEnd, stringQuote, literalQuote);
+                }
+
+                bool isDefault = false;
+                if(value.empty() && include_default_values) {
+                    if(!opt->get_default_str().empty()) {
+                        results_t res;
+                        opt->results(res);
+                        value = detail::ini_join(res, arraySeparator, arrayStart, arrayEnd, stringQuote, literalQuote);
+                    } else if(opt->get_expected_min() == 0) {
+                        value = "false";
+                    } else if(opt->get_run_callback_for_default() || !opt->get_required()) {
+                        value = "\"\"";  // empty string default value
+                    } else {
+                        value = "\"<REQUIRED>\"";
+                    }
+                    isDefault = true;
+                }
+
+                if(!value.empty()) {
+                    if(!opt->get_fnames().empty()) {
+                        try {
+                            value = opt->get_flag_value(single_name, value);
+                        } catch(const CLI::ArgumentMismatch &) {
+                            bool valid{false};
+                            for(const auto &test_name : opt->get_fnames()) {
+                                try {
+                                    value = opt->get_flag_value(test_name, value);
+                                    single_name = test_name;
+                                    valid = true;
+                                } catch(const CLI::ArgumentMismatch &) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if(!valid) {
+                                value = detail::ini_join(
+                                    opt->results(), arraySeparator, arrayStart, arrayEnd, stringQuote, literalQuote);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if(write_description && opt->has_description()) {
+                        if(out.tellp() != std::streampos(0)) {
+                            out << '\n';
+                        }
+                        out << commentLead << detail::fix_newlines(commentLead, opt->get_description()) << '\n';
+                    }
+                    detail::clean_name_string(single_name, keyChars);
+
+                    std::string name = prefix + single_name;
+                    if(commentDefaultsBool && isDefault) {
+                        name = commentChar + name;
+                    }
+                    out << name << valueDelimiter << value << '\n';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto subcommands = app->get_subcommands({});
+    for(const App *subcom : subcommands) {
+        if(subcom->get_name().empty()) {
+            if(!include_default_values && (subcom->count_all() == 0)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(write_description && !subcom->get_group().empty()) {
+                out << '\n' << commentChar << commentLead << subcom->get_group() << " Options\n";
+            }
+            /*if (!prefix.empty() || app->get_parent() == nullptr) {
+                out << '[' << prefix << "___"<< subcom->get_group() << "]\n";
+            } else {
+                std::string subname = app->get_name() + parentSeparatorChar + "___"+subcom->get_group();
+                const auto *p = app->get_parent();
+                while(p->get_parent() != nullptr) {
+                    subname = p->get_name() + parentSeparatorChar +subname;
+                    p = p->get_parent();
+                }
+                out << '[' << subname << "]\n";
+            }
+            */
+            out << to_config(subcom, mode, write_description, prefix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(const App *subcom : subcommands) {
+        if(!subcom->get_name().empty()) {
+            if((!include_default_values && (subcom->count_all() == 0)) ||
+               (mode == ConfigOutputMode::ActiveSubcommandDefaults && !app->got_subcommand(subcom))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            std::string subname = subcom->get_name();
+            detail::clean_name_string(subname, keyChars);
+
+            if(subcom->get_configurable() && (app->got_subcommand(subcom) || (mode == ConfigOutputMode::AllDefaults))) {
+                if(!prefix.empty() || app->get_parent() == nullptr) {
+
+                    out << '[' << prefix << subname << "]\n";
+                } else {
+                    std::string appname = app->get_name();
+                    detail::clean_name_string(appname, keyChars);
+                    subname = appname + parentSeparatorChar + subname;
+                    const auto *p = app->get_parent();
+                    while(p->get_parent() != nullptr) {
+                        std::string pname = p->get_name();
+                        detail::clean_name_string(pname, keyChars);
+                        subname = pname + parentSeparatorChar + subname;
+                        p = p->get_parent();
+                    }
+                    out << '[' << subname << "]\n";
+                }
+                out << to_config(subcom, mode, write_description, "");
+            } else {
+                out << to_config(subcom, mode, write_description, prefix + subname + parentSeparatorChar);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(write_description && !out.str().empty()) {
+        std::string outString =
+            commentChar + commentLead + detail::fix_newlines(commentChar + commentLead, app->get_description()) + '\n';
+        return outString + out.str();
+    }
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE ConfigINI::ConfigINI() {
+    commentChar = ';';
+    arrayStart = '\0';
+    arrayEnd = '\0';
+    arraySeparator = ' ';
+    valueDelimiter = '=';
+}
+// [CLI11:config_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Encoding_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../Encoding.hpp"
+#include "../Macros.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <array>
+#include <clocale>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <locale>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+// [CLI11:encoding_inl_includes:verbatim]
+#if CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+#include <codecvt>
+#endif
+// [CLI11:encoding_inl_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:encoding_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#if !CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+/// Attempt to set one of the acceptable unicode locales for conversion
+CLI11_INLINE void set_unicode_locale() {
+    static const std::array<const char *, 2> unicode_locales{{"C.UTF-8", ".UTF-8"}};
+
+    for(const auto &locale_name : unicode_locales) {
+        if(std::setlocale(LC_ALL, locale_name) != nullptr) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    throw std::runtime_error("CLI::narrow: could not set locale to C.UTF-8");
+}
+
+template <typename F> struct scope_guard_t {
+    F closure;
+
+    explicit scope_guard_t(F closure_) : closure(closure_) {}
+    ~scope_guard_t() { closure(); }
+};
+
+template <typename F> CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE scope_guard_t<F> scope_guard(F &&closure) {
+    return scope_guard_t<F>{std::forward<F>(closure)};
+}
+
+#endif  // !CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+
+CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORE_DEPRECATED
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow_impl(const wchar_t *str, std::size_t str_size) {
+#if CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    return std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>>().to_bytes(str, str + str_size);
+
+#else
+    return std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>>().to_bytes(str, str + str_size);
+
+#endif  // _WIN32
+#else   // CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+    // Copy into a local, NUL-terminated buffer so the conversion is bounded by str_size: a view into the
+    // middle of a larger buffer or a non-NUL-terminated buffer must not be read past str_size. Note that an
+    // embedded NUL inside the first str_size characters will still terminate std::wcsrtombs early; this matches
+    // the behavior of C-style narrow conversion and is treated as a best-effort limitation.
+    std::wstring input(str, str_size);
+    const wchar_t *src = input.c_str();
+    const wchar_t *it = src;
+
+    std::mbstate_t state = std::mbstate_t();
+
+    std::string old_locale = std::setlocale(LC_ALL, nullptr);
+    auto sg = scope_guard([&] { std::setlocale(LC_ALL, old_locale.c_str()); });
+    set_unicode_locale();
+
+    std::size_t new_size = std::wcsrtombs(nullptr, &it, 0, &state);
+    if(new_size == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("CLI::narrow: conversion error in std::wcsrtombs at offset " +
+                                 std::to_string(it - src));
+    }
+    std::string result(new_size, '\0');
+    std::wcsrtombs(const_cast<char *>(result.data()), &src, new_size, &state);
+
+    return result;
+
+#endif  // CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen_impl(const char *str, std::size_t str_size) {
+#if CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    return std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>>().from_bytes(str, str + str_size);
+
+#else
+    return std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>>().from_bytes(str, str + str_size);
+
+#endif  // _WIN32
+#else   // CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+    // Copy into a local, NUL-terminated buffer so the conversion is bounded by str_size: a view into the
+    // middle of a larger buffer or a non-NUL-terminated buffer must not be read past str_size. Note that an
+    // embedded NUL inside the first str_size characters will still terminate std::mbsrtowcs early; this matches
+    // the behavior of C-style wide conversion and is treated as a best-effort limitation.
+    std::string input(str, str_size);
+    const char *src = input.c_str();
+    const char *it = src;
+
+    std::mbstate_t state = std::mbstate_t();
+
+    std::string old_locale = std::setlocale(LC_ALL, nullptr);
+    auto sg = scope_guard([&] { std::setlocale(LC_ALL, old_locale.c_str()); });
+    set_unicode_locale();
+
+    std::size_t new_size = std::mbsrtowcs(nullptr, &it, 0, &state);
+    if(new_size == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("CLI::widen: conversion error in std::mbsrtowcs at offset " +
+                                 std::to_string(it - src));
+    }
+    std::wstring result(new_size, L'\0');
+    std::mbsrtowcs(const_cast<wchar_t *>(result.data()), &src, new_size, &state);
+
+    return result;
+
+#endif  // CLI11_HAS_CODECVT
+}
+
+CLI11_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(const wchar_t *str, std::size_t str_size) { return detail::narrow_impl(str, str_size); }
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(const std::wstring &str) { return detail::narrow_impl(str.data(), str.size()); }
+// Flawfinder: ignore
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(const wchar_t *str) { return detail::narrow_impl(str, std::wcslen(str)); }
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(const char *str, std::size_t str_size) { return detail::widen_impl(str, str_size); }
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(const std::string &str) { return detail::widen_impl(str.data(), str.size()); }
+// Flawfinder: ignore
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(const char *str) { return detail::widen_impl(str, std::strlen(str)); }
+
+#ifdef CLI11_CPP17
+CLI11_INLINE std::string narrow(std::wstring_view str) { return detail::narrow_impl(str.data(), str.size()); }
+CLI11_INLINE std::wstring widen(std::string_view str) { return detail::widen_impl(str.data(), str.size()); }
+#endif  // CLI11_CPP17
+
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+CLI11_INLINE std::filesystem::path to_path(std::string_view str) {
+    return std::filesystem::path{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        widen(str)
+#else
+        str
+#endif  // _WIN32
+    };
+}
+#endif  // CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM
+
+// [CLI11:encoding_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/ExtraValidators_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+#include "../ExtraValidators.hpp"
+
+#if (defined(CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS) && CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS != 0) ||                                  \
+    (!defined(CLI11_DISABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS) || CLI11_DISABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS == 0)
+
+#include "../Encoding.hpp"
+#include "../Macros.hpp"
+#include "../StringTools.hpp"
+#include "../TypeTools.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:extra_validators_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+CLI11_INLINE IPV4Validator::IPV4Validator() : Validator("IPV4") {
+    func_ = [](std::string &ip_addr) {
+        auto cdot = std::count(ip_addr.begin(), ip_addr.end(), '.');
+        if(cdot != 3u) {
+            return std::string("Invalid IPV4 address: must have 3 separators");
+        }
+        auto result = CLI::detail::split(ip_addr, '.');
+        int num = 0;
+        for(const auto &var : result) {
+            using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
+            bool retval = lexical_cast(var, num);
+            if(!retval) {
+                return std::string("Failed parsing number (") + var + ')';
+            }
+            if(num < 0 || num > 255) {
+                return std::string("Each IP number must be between 0 and 255 ") + var;
+            }
+        }
+        return std::string{};
+    };
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+CLI11_INLINE AsSizeValue::AsSizeValue(bool kb_is_1000) : AsNumberWithUnit(get_mapping(kb_is_1000)) {
+    if(kb_is_1000) {
+        description("SIZE [b, kb(=1000b), kib(=1024b), ...]");
+    } else {
+        description("SIZE [b, kb(=1024b), ...]");
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::map<std::string, AsSizeValue::result_t> AsSizeValue::init_mapping(bool kb_is_1000) {
+    std::map<std::string, result_t> m;
+    result_t k_factor = kb_is_1000 ? 1000 : 1024;
+    result_t ki_factor = 1024;
+    result_t k = 1;
+    result_t ki = 1;
+    m["b"] = 1;
+    for(std::string p : {"k", "m", "g", "t", "p", "e"}) {
+        k *= k_factor;
+        ki *= ki_factor;
+        m[p] = k;
+        m[p + "b"] = k;
+        m[p + "i"] = ki;
+        m[p + "ib"] = ki;
+    }
+    return m;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE const std::map<std::string, AsSizeValue::result_t> &AsSizeValue::get_mapping(bool kb_is_1000) {
+    if(kb_is_1000) {
+        static auto m = init_mapping(true);
+        return m;
+    }
+    static auto m = init_mapping(false);
+    return m;
+}
+
+#if defined(CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS) && CLI11_ENABLE_EXTRA_VALIDATORS != 0
+// new extra validators
+
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+namespace detail {
+CLI11_INLINE PermissionValidator::PermissionValidator(Permission permission) {
+    std::filesystem::perms permission_code = std::filesystem::perms::none;
+    std::string permission_name;
+    switch(permission) {
+    case Permission::read:
+        permission_code = std::filesystem::perms::owner_read | std::filesystem::perms::group_read |
+                          std::filesystem::perms::others_read;
+        permission_name = "read";
+        break;
+    case Permission::write:
+        permission_code = std::filesystem::perms::owner_write | std::filesystem::perms::group_write |
+                          std::filesystem::perms::others_write;
+        permission_name = "write";
+        break;
+    case Permission::exec:
+        permission_code = std::filesystem::perms::owner_exec | std::filesystem::perms::group_exec |
+                          std::filesystem::perms::others_exec;
+        permission_name = "exec";
+        break;
+    case Permission::none:
+    default:
+        permission_code = std::filesystem::perms::none;
+        break;
+    }
+    func_ = [permission_code](std::string &path) {
+        std::error_code ec;
+        auto p = std::filesystem::path(path);
+        if(!std::filesystem::exists(p, ec)) {
+            return std::string("Path does not exist: ") + path;
+        }
+        if(ec) {
+            return std::string("Error checking path: ") + ec.message();  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        }
+        if(permission_code == std::filesystem::perms::none) {
+            return std::string{};
+        }
+        auto perms = std::filesystem::status(p, ec).permissions();
+        if(ec) {
+            return std::string("Error checking path status: ") + ec.message();  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        }
+        if((perms & permission_code) == std::filesystem::perms::none) {
+            return std::string("Path does not have required permissions: ") + path;
+        }
+        return std::string{};
+    };
+    description("Path with " + permission_name + " permission");
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+CLI11_INLINE FileSizeValidator::FileSizeValidator(std::uint64_t min_size, std::uint64_t max_size) {
+    std::string desc;
+    if(max_size == 0) {
+        desc = "File size at least " + std::to_string(min_size) + " bytes";
+    } else {
+        desc = "File size between " + std::to_string(min_size) + " and " + std::to_string(max_size) + " bytes";
+    }
+    description(desc);
+    func_ = [min_size, max_size](std::string &path) {
+        std::error_code ec;
+        auto p = std::filesystem::path(path);
+        if(!std::filesystem::exists(p, ec)) {
+            return std::string("File does not exist: ") + path;
+        }
+        if(ec) {
+            return std::string("Error checking file: ") + ec.message();  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        }
+        auto size = std::filesystem::file_size(p, ec);
+        if(ec) {
+            return std::string("Error getting file size: ") + ec.message();  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        }
+        if(size < min_size) {
+            return std::string("File size ") + std::to_string(size) + " bytes is less than minimum " +
+                   std::to_string(min_size) + " bytes";
+        }
+        if(max_size > 0 && size > max_size) {
+            return std::string("File size ") + std::to_string(size) + " bytes exceeds maximum " +
+                   std::to_string(max_size) + " bytes";
+        }
+        return std::string{};
+    };
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+// [CLI11:extra_validators_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI
+
+#endif

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Formatter_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../Formatter.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:formatter_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+namespace detail {
+CLI11_INLINE std::string indent_block(const std::string &input, const std::string &indent) {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    bool line_start = true;
+
+    for(char ch : input) {
+        if(line_start && ch != '\n') {
+            out << indent;
+        }
+        out << ch;
+        line_start = (ch == '\n');
+    }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+CLI11_INLINE void FormatterBase::long_option_alignment_ratio(float ratio) {
+    long_option_alignment_ratio_ =
+        (ratio >= 0.0f) ? ((ratio <= 1.0f) ? ratio : 1.0f / ratio) : ((ratio < -1.0f) ? 1.0f / (-ratio) : -ratio);
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string FormatterBase::get_label(std::string key) const {
+    auto it = labels_.find(key);
+    return it != labels_.end() ? it->second : default_label(key);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE FormatterLambda::FormatterLambda(funct_t funct) : lambda_(std::move(funct)) {}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string FormatterLambda::make_help(const App *app, std::string name, AppFormatMode mode) const {
+    return lambda_(app, name, mode);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string
+Formatter::make_group(std::string group, bool is_positional, std::vector<const Option *> opts) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+
+    out << "\n" << group << ":\n";
+    for(const Option *opt : opts) {
+        out << make_option(opt, is_positional);
+    }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_positionals(const App *app) const {
+    std::vector<const Option *> opts =
+        app->get_options([](const Option *opt) { return !opt->get_group().empty() && opt->get_positional(); });
+
+    if(opts.empty())
+        return {};
+
+    return make_group(get_label("POSITIONALS"), true, opts);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_groups(const App *app, AppFormatMode mode) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    std::vector<std::string> groups = app->get_groups();
+
+    // Options
+    for(const std::string &group : groups) {
+        std::vector<const Option *> opts = app->get_options([app, mode, &group](const Option *opt) {
+            return opt->get_group() == group                     // Must be in the right group
+                   && opt->nonpositional()                       // Must not be a positional
+                   && (mode != AppFormatMode::Sub                // If mode is Sub, then
+                       || (app->get_help_ptr() != opt            // Ignore help pointer
+                           && app->get_help_all_ptr() != opt));  // Ignore help all pointer
+        });
+        if(!group.empty() && !opts.empty()) {
+            out << make_group(group, false, opts);
+
+            // Removed double newline between groups for consistency of help text
+            // if(group != groups.back())
+            //    out << "\n";
+        }
+    }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_description(const App *app) const {
+    std::string desc = app->get_description();
+    auto min_options = app->get_require_option_min();
+    auto max_options = app->get_require_option_max();
+
+    if(app->get_required()) {
+        desc += " " + get_label("REQUIRED") + " ";
+    }
+
+    if(min_options > 0) {
+        if(max_options == min_options) {
+            desc += " \n[Exactly " + std::to_string(min_options) + " of the following options are required]";
+        } else if(max_options > 0) {
+            desc += " \n[Between " + std::to_string(min_options) + " and " + std::to_string(max_options) +
+                    " of the following options are required]";
+        } else {
+            desc += " \n[At least " + std::to_string(min_options) + " of the following options are required]";
+        }
+    } else if(max_options > 0) {
+        desc += " \n[At most " + std::to_string(max_options) + " of the following options are allowed]";
+    }
+
+    return (!desc.empty()) ? desc + "\n\n" : std::string{};
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_usage(const App *app, std::string name) const {
+    std::string usage = app->get_usage();
+    if(!usage.empty()) {
+        return usage + "\n\n";
+    }
+
+    std::stringstream out;
+    out << '\n';
+
+    if(name.empty())
+        out << get_label("Usage") << ':';
+    else
+        out << name;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> groups = app->get_groups();
+
+    // Print an Options badge if any options exist
+    std::vector<const Option *> non_pos_options =
+        app->get_options([](const Option *opt) { return opt->nonpositional(); });
+    if(!non_pos_options.empty())
+        out << " [" << get_label("OPTIONS") << "]";
+
+    // Positionals need to be listed here
+    std::vector<const Option *> positionals =
+        app->get_options([](const Option *opt) { return !opt->get_group().empty() && opt->get_positional(); });
+
+    // Print out positionals if any are left
+    if(!positionals.empty()) {
+        // Convert to help names
+        std::vector<std::string> positional_names;
+        positional_names.reserve(positionals.size());
+        for(const auto *opt : positionals) {
+            positional_names.push_back(make_option_usage(opt));
+        }
+
+        out << " " << detail::join(positional_names, " ");
+    }
+
+    // Add a marker if subcommands are expected or optional
+    if(!app->get_subcommands(
+               [](const CLI::App *subc) { return ((!subc->get_disabled()) && (!subc->get_name().empty())); })
+            .empty()) {
+        out << ' ' << (app->get_require_subcommand_min() == 0 ? "[" : "")
+            << get_label(app->get_require_subcommand_max() == 1 ? "SUBCOMMAND" : "SUBCOMMANDS")
+            << (app->get_require_subcommand_min() == 0 ? "]" : "");
+    }
+
+    out << "\n\n";
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_footer(const App *app) const {
+    std::string footer = app->get_footer();
+    if(footer.empty()) {
+        return std::string{};
+    }
+    return '\n' + footer + '\n';
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_help(const App *app, std::string name, AppFormatMode mode) const {
+    // This immediately forwards to the make_expanded method. This is done this way so that subcommands can
+    // have overridden formatters
+    if(mode == AppFormatMode::Sub)
+        return make_expanded(app, mode);
+
+    std::stringstream out;
+    if((app->get_name().empty()) && (app->get_parent() != nullptr)) {
+        if(app->get_group() != "SUBCOMMANDS") {
+            out << app->get_group() << ':';
+        }
+    }
+    if(is_description_paragraph_formatting_enabled()) {
+        detail::streamOutAsParagraph(
+            out, make_description(app), description_paragraph_width_, "");  // Format description as paragraph
+    } else {
+        out << make_description(app);
+    }
+    out << make_usage(app, name);
+    out << make_positionals(app);
+    out << make_groups(app, mode);
+    out << make_subcommands(app, mode);
+    std::string footer_string = make_footer(app);
+
+    if(is_footer_paragraph_formatting_enabled()) {
+        detail::streamOutAsParagraph(out, footer_string, footer_paragraph_width_);  // Format footer as paragraph
+    } else {
+        out << footer_string;
+    }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_subcommands(const App *app, AppFormatMode mode) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+
+    std::vector<const App *> subcommands = app->get_subcommands({});
+
+    // Make a list in definition order of the groups seen
+    std::vector<std::string> subcmd_groups_seen;
+    for(const App *com : subcommands) {
+        if(com->get_name().empty()) {
+            if(!com->get_group().empty() && com->get_group().front() != '+') {
+                auto expanded = make_expanded(com, mode);
+                // add expansion in one place so each group has subgroups beneath it
+                out << expanded;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::string group_key = com->get_group();
+        std::string group_key_lower = detail::to_lower(group_key);
+        if(!group_key.empty() &&
+           std::find_if(subcmd_groups_seen.begin(), subcmd_groups_seen.end(), [&group_key_lower](const std::string &a) {
+               return detail::to_lower(a) == group_key_lower;
+           }) == subcmd_groups_seen.end())
+            subcmd_groups_seen.push_back(group_key);
+    }
+
+    // For each group, filter out and print subcommands
+    for(const std::string &group : subcmd_groups_seen) {
+        out << '\n' << group << ":\n";
+        std::vector<const App *> subcommands_group = app->get_subcommands(
+            [&group](const App *sub_app) { return detail::to_lower(sub_app->get_group()) == detail::to_lower(group); });
+        for(const App *new_com : subcommands_group) {
+            if(new_com->get_name().empty())
+                continue;
+            if(mode != AppFormatMode::All) {
+                out << make_subcommand(new_com);
+            } else {
+                out << new_com->help(new_com->get_name(), AppFormatMode::Sub);
+                out << '\n';
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_subcommand(const App *sub) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    std::string name = "  " + sub->get_display_name(true) + (sub->get_required() ? " " + get_label("REQUIRED") : "");
+
+    out << std::setw(static_cast<int>(column_width_)) << std::left << name;
+
+    const std::string desc = sub->get_description();
+    if(!desc.empty()) {
+        bool skipFirstLinePrefix = true;
+        if(name.length() >= column_width_) {
+            out << '\n';
+            skipFirstLinePrefix = false;
+        }
+        detail::streamOutAsParagraph(
+            out, desc, right_column_width_, std::string(column_width_, ' '), skipFirstLinePrefix);
+    }
+    out << '\n';
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_expanded(const App *sub, AppFormatMode mode) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    const bool is_option_group = sub->get_name().empty();
+    const std::string body_indent = is_option_group ? "  " : "";
+
+    out << sub->get_display_name(true) << '\n';
+
+    if(is_description_paragraph_formatting_enabled()) {
+        detail::streamOutAsParagraph(
+            out, make_description(sub), description_paragraph_width_, body_indent);  // Format description as paragraph
+    } else {
+        out << detail::indent_block(make_description(sub), body_indent) << '\n';
+    }
+
+    if(sub->get_name().empty() && !sub->get_aliases().empty()) {
+        detail::format_aliases(out, sub->get_aliases(), column_width_ + 2);
+    }
+
+    out << detail::indent_block(make_positionals(sub), body_indent);
+    out << detail::indent_block(make_groups(sub, mode), body_indent);
+    out << detail::indent_block(make_subcommands(sub, mode), body_indent);
+    std::string footer_string = make_footer(sub);
+
+    if(mode == AppFormatMode::Sub && !footer_string.empty()) {
+        const auto *parent = sub->get_parent();
+        std::string parent_footer = (parent != nullptr) ? make_footer(sub->get_parent()) : std::string{};
+        if(footer_string == parent_footer) {
+            footer_string = "";
+        }
+    }
+    if(!footer_string.empty()) {
+        if(is_footer_paragraph_formatting_enabled()) {
+            detail::streamOutAsParagraph(out, footer_string, footer_paragraph_width_);  // Format footer as paragraph
+        } else {
+            out << footer_string;
+        }
+    }
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_option(const Option *opt, bool is_positional) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    if(is_positional) {
+        const std::string left = "  " + make_option_name(opt, true) + make_option_opts(opt);
+        const std::string desc = make_option_desc(opt);
+        out << std::setw(static_cast<int>(column_width_)) << std::left << left;
+
+        if(!desc.empty()) {
+            bool skipFirstLinePrefix = true;
+            if(left.length() >= column_width_) {
+                out << '\n';
+                skipFirstLinePrefix = false;
+            }
+            detail::streamOutAsParagraph(
+                out, desc, right_column_width_, std::string(column_width_, ' '), skipFirstLinePrefix);
+        }
+    } else {
+        const std::string namesCombined = make_option_name(opt, false);
+        const std::string opts = make_option_opts(opt);
+        const std::string desc = make_option_desc(opt);
+
+        // Split all names at comma and sort them into short names and long names
+        const auto names = detail::split(namesCombined, ',');
+        std::vector<std::string> vshortNames;
+        std::vector<std::string> vlongNames;
+        std::for_each(names.begin(), names.end(), [&vshortNames, &vlongNames](const std::string &name) {
+            if(name.find("--", 0) != std::string::npos)
+                vlongNames.push_back(name);
+            else
+                vshortNames.push_back(name);
+        });
+
+        // Assemble short and long names
+        std::string shortNames = detail::join(vshortNames, ", ");
+        std::string longNames = detail::join(vlongNames, ", ");
+
+        // Calculate setw sizes
+        // Short names take enough width to align long names at the desired ratio
+        const auto shortNamesColumnWidth =
+            static_cast<int>(static_cast<float>(column_width_) * long_option_alignment_ratio_);
+        const auto longNamesColumnWidth = static_cast<int>(column_width_) - shortNamesColumnWidth;
+        int shortNamesOverSize = 0;
+
+        // Print short names
+        if(!shortNames.empty()) {
+            shortNames = "  " + shortNames;  // Indent
+            if(longNames.empty() && !opts.empty())
+                shortNames += opts;  // Add opts if only short names and no long names
+            if(!longNames.empty())
+                shortNames += ",";
+            if(static_cast<int>(shortNames.length()) >= shortNamesColumnWidth) {
+                shortNames += " ";
+                shortNamesOverSize = static_cast<int>(shortNames.length()) - shortNamesColumnWidth;
+            }
+            out << std::setw(shortNamesColumnWidth) << std::left << shortNames;
+        } else {
+            out << std::setw(shortNamesColumnWidth) << std::left << "";
+        }
+
+        // Adjust long name column width in case of short names column reaching into long names column
+        shortNamesOverSize =
+            (std::min)(shortNamesOverSize, longNamesColumnWidth);  // Prevent negative result with unsigned integers
+        const auto adjustedLongNamesColumnWidth = longNamesColumnWidth - shortNamesOverSize;
+
+        // Print long names
+        if(!longNames.empty()) {
+            if(!opts.empty())
+                longNames += opts;
+            if(static_cast<int>(longNames.length()) >= adjustedLongNamesColumnWidth)
+                longNames += " ";
+
+            out << std::setw(adjustedLongNamesColumnWidth) << std::left << longNames;
+        } else {
+            out << std::setw(adjustedLongNamesColumnWidth) << std::left << "";
+        }
+
+        if(!desc.empty()) {
+            bool skipFirstLinePrefix = true;
+            if(out.str().length() > column_width_) {
+                out << '\n';
+                skipFirstLinePrefix = false;
+            }
+            detail::streamOutAsParagraph(
+                out, desc, right_column_width_, std::string(column_width_, ' '), skipFirstLinePrefix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    out << '\n';
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_option_name(const Option *opt, bool is_positional) const {
+    if(is_positional)
+        return opt->get_name(true, false);
+
+    return opt->get_name(false, true, !enable_default_flag_values_);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_option_opts(const Option *opt) const {
+    std::stringstream out;
+    // Help output should be stable across runs, so sort pointer-based sets by option name before printing.
+    const auto print_option_set = [&out](const std::set<Option *> &options) {
+        std::vector<const Option *> sorted(options.begin(), options.end());
+        std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), [](const Option *lhs, const Option *rhs) {
+            return lhs->get_name() < rhs->get_name();
+        });
+        for(const Option *op : sorted)
+            out << " " << op->get_name();
+    };
+
+    if(!opt->get_option_text().empty()) {
+        out << " " << opt->get_option_text();
+    } else {
+        if(opt->get_type_size() != 0) {
+            if(enable_option_type_names_) {
+                if(!opt->get_type_name().empty()) {
+                    out << " " << get_label(opt->get_type_name());
+                    // Show the delimiter on the type, a trailing "..." only means space separated values
+                    if(opt->get_delimiter() != '\0')
+                        out << opt->get_delimiter() << "...";
+                }
+            }
+            if(enable_option_defaults_) {
+                if(!opt->get_default_str().empty())
+                    out << " [" << opt->get_default_str() << "] ";
+            }
+            if(opt->get_expected_max() == detail::expected_max_vector_size)
+                out << " ...";
+            else if(opt->get_expected_min() > 1)
+                out << " x " << opt->get_expected();
+
+            if(opt->get_required())
+                out << " " << get_label("REQUIRED");
+        }
+        if(!opt->get_envname().empty())
+            out << " (" << get_label("Env") << ":" << opt->get_envname() << ")";
+        if(!opt->get_needs().empty()) {
+            out << " " << get_label("Needs") << ":";
+            print_option_set(opt->get_needs());
+        }
+        if(!opt->get_excludes().empty()) {
+            out << " " << get_label("Excludes") << ":";
+            print_option_set(opt->get_excludes());
+        }
+    }
+    return out.str();
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_option_desc(const Option *opt) const { return opt->get_description(); }
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Formatter::make_option_usage(const Option *opt) const {
+    // Note that these are positionals usages
+    std::stringstream out;
+    out << make_option_name(opt, true);
+    if(opt->get_expected_max() >= detail::expected_max_vector_size)
+        out << "...";
+    else if(opt->get_expected_max() > 1)
+        out << "(" << opt->get_expected() << "x)";
+
+    return opt->get_required() ? out.str() : "[" + out.str() + "]";
+}
+// [CLI11:formatter_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Option_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../Option.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:option_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+template <typename CRTP> template <typename T> void OptionBase<CRTP>::copy_to(T *other) const {
+    other->group(group_);
+    other->required(required_);
+    other->ignore_case(ignore_case_);
+    other->ignore_underscore(ignore_underscore_);
+    other->configurable(configurable_);
+    other->disable_flag_override(disable_flag_override_);
+    other->delimiter(delimiter_);
+    other->always_capture_default(always_capture_default_);
+    other->multi_option_policy(multi_option_policy_);
+    other->callback_priority(callback_priority_);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option::Option(
+    std::string option_name, std::string option_description, callback_t callback, App *parent, bool allow_non_standard)
+    : description_(std::move(option_description)), parent_(parent), callback_(std::move(callback)) {
+    std::tie(snames_, lnames_, pname_) = detail::get_names(detail::split_names(option_name), allow_non_standard);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void Option::clear() {
+    results_.clear();
+    proc_results_.clear();
+    current_option_state_ = option_state::parsing;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::expected(int value) {
+    if(value < 0) {
+        expected_min_ = -value;
+        if(expected_max_ < expected_min_) {
+            expected_max_ = expected_min_;
+        }
+        allow_extra_args_ = true;
+        flag_like_ = false;
+    } else if(value == detail::expected_max_vector_size) {
+        expected_min_ = 1;
+        expected_max_ = detail::expected_max_vector_size;
+        allow_extra_args_ = true;
+        flag_like_ = false;
+    } else {
+        expected_min_ = value;
+        expected_max_ = value;
+        flag_like_ = (expected_min_ == 0);
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::expected(int value_min, int value_max) {
+    if(value_min < 0) {
+        value_min = -value_min;
+    }
+
+    if(value_max < 0) {
+        value_max = detail::expected_max_vector_size;
+    }
+    if(value_max < value_min) {
+        expected_min_ = value_max;
+        expected_max_ = value_min;
+    } else {
+        expected_max_ = value_max;
+        expected_min_ = value_min;
+    }
+
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::check(Validator_p validator) {
+    validator->non_modifying();
+    validators_.push_back(std::move(validator));
+
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::check(Validator validator, const std::string &validator_name) {
+    validator.non_modifying();
+    auto vp = std::make_shared<Validator>(std::move(validator));
+    if(!validator_name.empty()) {
+        vp->name(validator_name);
+    }
+    validators_.push_back(std::move(vp));
+
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::check(std::function<std::string(const std::string &)> validator_func,
+                                   std::string validator_description,
+                                   std::string validator_name) {
+
+    auto vp = std::make_shared<Validator>(
+        std::move(validator_func), std::move(validator_description), std::move(validator_name));
+    vp->non_modifying();
+    validators_.push_back(std::move(vp));
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::transform(Validator_p validator) {
+    validators_.insert(validators_.begin(), std::move(validator));
+
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::transform(Validator validator, const std::string &transform_name) {
+    auto vp = std::make_shared<Validator>(std::move(validator));
+    if(!transform_name.empty()) {
+        vp->name(transform_name);
+    }
+    validators_.insert(validators_.begin(), std::move(vp));
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *
+Option::transform(Validator validator, const std::string &transform_description, const std::string &transform_name) {
+    auto vp = std::make_shared<Validator>(std::move(validator));
+    if(!transform_name.empty()) {
+        vp->name(transform_name);
+    }
+    vp->description(transform_description);
+    validators_.insert(validators_.begin(), std::move(vp));
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::transform(const std::function<std::string(std::string)> &transform_func,
+                                       std::string transform_description,
+                                       std::string transform_name) {
+    auto vp = std::make_shared<Validator>(
+        [transform_func](std::string &val) {
+            val = transform_func(val);
+            return std::string{};
+        },
+        std::move(transform_description),
+        std::move(transform_name));
+    validators_.insert(validators_.begin(), std::move(vp));
+
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::each(const std::function<void(std::string)> &func) {
+    auto vp = std::make_shared<Validator>(
+        [func](std::string &inout) {
+            func(inout);
+            return std::string{};
+        },
+        std::string{});
+    validators_.push_back(std::move(vp));
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator *Option::get_validator(const std::string &validator_name) {
+    for(auto &validator : validators_) {
+        if(validator_name == validator->get_name()) {
+            return validator.get();
+        }
+    }
+    if((validator_name.empty()) && (!validators_.empty())) {
+        return validators_.front().get();
+    }
+    throw OptionNotFound(std::string{"Validator "} + validator_name + " Not Found");
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator *Option::get_validator(int index) {
+    // This is a signed int so that it is not equivalent to a pointer.
+    if(index >= 0 && index < static_cast<int>(validators_.size())) {
+        return validators_[static_cast<decltype(validators_)::size_type>(index)].get();
+    }
+    throw OptionNotFound("Validator index is not valid");
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::needs(Option *opt) {
+    if(opt != this) {
+        needs_.insert(opt);
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool Option::remove_needs(Option *opt) {
+    auto iterator = std::find(std::begin(needs_), std::end(needs_), opt);
+
+    if(iterator == std::end(needs_)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    needs_.erase(iterator);
+    return true;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::excludes(Option *opt) {
+    if(opt == this) {
+        throw(IncorrectConstruction("and option cannot exclude itself"));
+    }
+    excludes_.insert(opt);
+
+    // Help text should be symmetric - excluding a should exclude b
+    opt->excludes_.insert(this);
+
+    // Ignoring the insert return value, excluding twice is now allowed.
+    // (Mostly to allow both directions to be excluded by user, even though the library does it for you.)
+
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool Option::remove_excludes(Option *opt) {
+    auto iterator = std::find(std::begin(excludes_), std::end(excludes_), opt);
+
+    if(iterator == std::end(excludes_)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    excludes_.erase(iterator);
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <typename T> Option *Option::ignore_case(bool value) {
+    if(!ignore_case_ && value) {
+        ignore_case_ = value;
+        auto *parent = static_cast<T *>(parent_);
+        for(const Option_p &opt : parent->options_) {
+            if(opt.get() == this) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const auto &omatch = opt->matching_name(*this);
+            if(!omatch.empty()) {
+                ignore_case_ = false;
+                throw OptionAlreadyAdded("adding ignore case caused a name conflict with " + omatch);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        ignore_case_ = value;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+template <typename T> Option *Option::ignore_underscore(bool value) {
+
+    if(!ignore_underscore_ && value) {
+        ignore_underscore_ = value;
+        auto *parent = static_cast<T *>(parent_);
+        for(const Option_p &opt : parent->options_) {
+            if(opt.get() == this) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const auto &omatch = opt->matching_name(*this);
+            if(!omatch.empty()) {
+                ignore_underscore_ = false;
+                throw OptionAlreadyAdded("adding ignore underscore caused a name conflict with " + omatch);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        ignore_underscore_ = value;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::multi_option_policy(MultiOptionPolicy value) {
+    if(value != multi_option_policy_) {
+        if(multi_option_policy_ == MultiOptionPolicy::Throw && expected_max_ == detail::expected_max_vector_size &&
+           expected_min_ > 1) {  // this bizarre condition is to maintain backwards compatibility
+                                 // with the previous behavior of expected_ with vectors
+            expected_max_ = expected_min_;
+        }
+        multi_option_policy_ = value;
+        current_option_state_ = option_state::parsing;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string
+Option::get_name(bool positional, bool all_options, bool disable_default_flag_values) const {
+    if(get_group().empty())
+        return {};  // Hidden
+
+    if(all_options) {
+
+        std::vector<std::string> name_list;
+
+        /// The all list will never include a positional unless asked or that's the only name.
+        if((positional && (!pname_.empty())) || (snames_.empty() && lnames_.empty())) {
+            name_list.push_back(pname_);
+        }
+        if((get_items_expected() == 0) && (!fnames_.empty())) {
+            for(const std::string &sname : snames_) {
+                name_list.push_back("-" + sname);
+                if(!disable_default_flag_values && check_fname(sname)) {
+                    name_list.back() += "{" + get_flag_value(sname, "") + "}";
+                }
+            }
+
+            for(const std::string &lname : lnames_) {
+                name_list.push_back("--" + lname);
+                if(!disable_default_flag_values && check_fname(lname)) {
+                    name_list.back() += "{" + get_flag_value(lname, "") + "}";
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            for(const std::string &sname : snames_)
+                name_list.push_back("-" + sname);
+
+            for(const std::string &lname : lnames_)
+                name_list.push_back("--" + lname);
+        }
+
+        return detail::join(name_list);
+    }
+
+    // This returns the positional name no matter what
+    if(positional)
+        return pname_;
+
+    // Prefer long name
+    if(!lnames_.empty())
+        return std::string(2, '-') + lnames_[0];
+
+    // Or short name if no long name
+    if(!snames_.empty())
+        return std::string(1, '-') + snames_[0];
+
+    // If positional is the only name, it's okay to use that
+    return pname_;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void Option::run_callback() {
+    bool used_default_str = false;
+    if(force_callback_ && results_.empty()) {
+        used_default_str = true;
+        add_result(default_str_);
+    }
+    if(current_option_state_ == option_state::parsing) {
+        _validate_results(results_);
+        current_option_state_ = option_state::validated;
+    }
+
+    if(current_option_state_ < option_state::reduced) {
+        _reduce_results(proc_results_, results_);
+    }
+
+    current_option_state_ = option_state::callback_run;
+    if(callback_) {
+        const results_t &send_results = proc_results_.empty() ? results_ : proc_results_;
+        if(send_results.empty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        bool local_result = callback_(send_results);
+        if(used_default_str) {
+            // we only clear the results if the callback was actually used
+            // otherwise the callback is the storage of the default
+            results_.clear();
+            proc_results_.clear();
+        }
+        if(!local_result)
+            throw ConversionError(get_name(), results_);
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE const std::string &Option::matching_name(const Option &other) const {
+    static const std::string estring;
+    bool bothConfigurable = configurable_ && other.configurable_;
+    for(const std::string &sname : snames_) {
+        if(other.check_sname(sname))
+            return sname;
+        if(bothConfigurable && other.check_lname(sname))
+            return sname;
+    }
+    for(const std::string &lname : lnames_) {
+        if(other.check_lname(lname))
+            return lname;
+        if(lname.size() == 1 && bothConfigurable) {
+            if(other.check_sname(lname)) {
+                return lname;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if(bothConfigurable && snames_.empty() && lnames_.empty() && !pname_.empty()) {
+        if(other.check_sname(pname_) || other.check_lname(pname_) || pname_ == other.pname_)
+            return pname_;
+    }
+    if(bothConfigurable && other.snames_.empty() && other.fnames_.empty() && !other.pname_.empty()) {
+        if(check_sname(other.pname_) || check_lname(other.pname_) || (pname_ == other.pname_))
+            return other.pname_;
+    }
+    if(ignore_case_ ||
+       ignore_underscore_) {  // We need to do the inverse, in case we are ignore_case or ignore underscore
+        for(const std::string &sname : other.snames_)
+            if(check_sname(sname))
+                return sname;
+        for(const std::string &lname : other.lnames_)
+            if(check_lname(lname))
+                return lname;
+    }
+    return estring;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE bool Option::check_name(const std::string &name) const {
+
+    if(name.length() > 2 && name[0] == '-' && name[1] == '-')
+        return check_lname(name.substr(2));
+    if(name.length() > 1 && name.front() == '-')
+        return check_sname(name.substr(1));
+    if(!pname_.empty()) {
+        std::string local_pname = pname_;
+        std::string local_name = name;
+        if(ignore_underscore_) {
+            local_pname = detail::remove_underscore(local_pname);
+            local_name = detail::remove_underscore(local_name);
+        }
+        if(ignore_case_) {
+            local_pname = detail::to_lower(local_pname);
+            local_name = detail::to_lower(local_name);
+        }
+        if(local_name == local_pname) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(!envname_.empty()) {
+        // this needs to be the original since envname_ shouldn't match on case insensitivity
+        return (name == envname_);
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string Option::get_flag_value(const std::string &name,
+                                                                std::string input_value) const {
+    static const std::string trueString{"true"};
+    static const std::string falseString{"false"};
+    static const std::string emptyString{"{}"};
+    // check for disable flag override_
+    if(disable_flag_override_) {
+        if(!((input_value.empty()) || (input_value == emptyString))) {
+            auto default_ind = detail::find_member(name, fnames_, ignore_case_, ignore_underscore_);
+            if(default_ind >= 0) {
+                // We can static cast this to std::size_t because it is more than 0 in this block
+                if(default_flag_values_[static_cast<std::size_t>(default_ind)].second != input_value) {
+                    if(input_value == default_str_ && force_callback_) {
+                        return input_value;
+                    }
+                    throw(ArgumentMismatch::FlagOverride(name));
+                }
+            } else {
+                if(input_value != trueString) {
+                    throw(ArgumentMismatch::FlagOverride(name));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    auto ind = detail::find_member(name, fnames_, ignore_case_, ignore_underscore_);
+    if((input_value.empty()) || (input_value == emptyString)) {
+        if(flag_like_) {
+            return (ind < 0) ? trueString : default_flag_values_[static_cast<std::size_t>(ind)].second;
+        }
+        return (ind < 0) ? default_str_ : default_flag_values_[static_cast<std::size_t>(ind)].second;
+    }
+    if(ind < 0) {
+        return input_value;
+    }
+    if(default_flag_values_[static_cast<std::size_t>(ind)].second == falseString) {
+        errno = 0;
+        auto val = detail::to_flag_value(input_value);
+        if(errno != 0) {
+            errno = 0;
+            return input_value;
+        }
+        return (val == 1) ? falseString : (val == (-1) ? trueString : std::to_string(-val));
+    }
+    return input_value;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::add_result(std::string s) {
+    _add_result(std::move(s), results_);
+    current_option_state_ = option_state::parsing;
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::add_result(std::string s, int &results_added) {
+    results_added = _add_result(std::move(s), results_);
+    current_option_state_ = option_state::parsing;
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::add_result(std::vector<std::string> s) {
+    current_option_state_ = option_state::parsing;
+    for(auto &str : s) {
+        _add_result(std::move(str), results_);
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE results_t Option::reduced_results() const {
+    const bool parsing = current_option_state_ == option_state::parsing;
+    results_t res = (parsing || proc_results_.empty()) ? results_ : proc_results_;
+    if(current_option_state_ < option_state::reduced) {
+        if(parsing) {
+            _validate_results(res);
+        }
+        if(!res.empty()) {
+            results_t extra;
+            _reduce_results(extra, res);
+            if(!extra.empty()) {
+                res = std::move(extra);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::type_size(int option_type_size) {
+    if(option_type_size < 0) {
+        // this section is included for backwards compatibility
+        type_size_max_ = -option_type_size;
+        type_size_min_ = -option_type_size;
+        expected_max_ = detail::expected_max_vector_size;
+    } else {
+        type_size_max_ = option_type_size;
+        if(type_size_max_ < detail::expected_max_vector_size) {
+            type_size_min_ = option_type_size;
+        } else {
+            inject_separator_ = true;
+        }
+        if(type_size_max_ == 0)
+            required_ = false;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::type_size(int option_type_size_min, int option_type_size_max) {
+    if(option_type_size_min < 0 || option_type_size_max < 0) {
+        // this section is included for backwards compatibility
+        expected_max_ = detail::expected_max_vector_size;
+        option_type_size_min = (std::abs)(option_type_size_min);
+        option_type_size_max = (std::abs)(option_type_size_max);
+    }
+
+    if(option_type_size_min > option_type_size_max) {
+        type_size_max_ = option_type_size_min;
+        type_size_min_ = option_type_size_max;
+    } else {
+        type_size_min_ = option_type_size_min;
+        type_size_max_ = option_type_size_max;
+    }
+    if(type_size_max_ == 0) {
+        required_ = false;
+    }
+    if(type_size_max_ >= detail::expected_max_vector_size) {
+        inject_separator_ = true;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE const std::string &Option::get_single_name() const {
+    if(!lnames_.empty()) {
+        return lnames_[0];
+    }
+    if(!snames_.empty()) {
+        return snames_[0];
+    }
+    if(!pname_.empty()) {
+        return pname_;
+    }
+    return envname_;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::type_name(std::string typeval) {
+    type_name_fn([typeval]() { return typeval; });
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Option *Option::capture_default_str() {
+    if(default_function_) {
+        default_str_ = default_function_();
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string Option::get_type_name() const {
+    std::string full_type_name = type_name_();
+    if(!validators_.empty()) {
+        for(const auto &validator : validators_) {
+            std::string vtype = validator->get_description();
+            if(!vtype.empty()) {
+                full_type_name += ":" + vtype;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return full_type_name;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void Option::_validate_results(results_t &res) const {
+    // Run the Validators (can change the string)
+    if(!validators_.empty()) {
+        if(type_size_max_ > 1) {  // in this context index refers to the index in the type
+            int index = 0;
+            if(get_items_expected_max() < static_cast<int>(res.size()) &&
+               (multi_option_policy_ == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::TakeLast ||
+                multi_option_policy_ == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::Reverse)) {
+                // create a negative index for the earliest ones
+                index = get_items_expected_max() - static_cast<int>(res.size());
+            }
+
+            for(std::string &result : res) {
+                if(detail::is_separator(result) && type_size_max_ != type_size_min_ && index >= 0) {
+                    index = 0;  // reset index for variable size chunks
+                    continue;
+                }
+                auto err_msg = _validate(result, (index >= 0) ? (index % type_size_max_) : index);
+                if(!err_msg.empty())
+                    throw ValidationError(get_name(), err_msg);
+                ++index;
+            }
+        } else {
+            int index = 0;
+            if(expected_max_ < static_cast<int>(res.size()) &&
+               (multi_option_policy_ == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::TakeLast ||
+                multi_option_policy_ == CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::Reverse)) {
+                // create a negative index for the earliest ones
+                index = expected_max_ - static_cast<int>(res.size());
+            }
+            for(std::string &result : res) {
+                auto err_msg = _validate(result, index);
+                ++index;
+                if(!err_msg.empty())
+                    throw ValidationError(get_name(), err_msg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void Option::_reduce_results(results_t &out, const results_t &original) const {
+
+    // max num items expected or length of vector, always at least 1
+    // Only valid for a trimming policy
+
+    out.clear();
+    // Operation depends on the policy setting
+    switch(multi_option_policy_) {
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::TakeAll:
+        break;
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::TakeLast: {
+        // Allow multi-option sizes (including 0)
+        std::size_t trim_size = std::min<std::size_t>(
+            static_cast<std::size_t>(std::max<int>(get_items_expected_max(), 1)), original.size());
+        if(original.size() != trim_size) {
+            out.assign(original.end() - static_cast<results_t::difference_type>(trim_size), original.end());
+        }
+    } break;
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::Reverse: {
+        // Allow multi-option sizes (including 0)
+        std::size_t trim_size = std::min<std::size_t>(
+            static_cast<std::size_t>(std::max<int>(get_items_expected_max(), 1)), original.size());
+        if(original.size() != trim_size || trim_size > 1) {
+            out.assign(original.end() - static_cast<results_t::difference_type>(trim_size), original.end());
+        }
+        std::reverse(out.begin(), out.end());
+    } break;
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::TakeFirst: {
+        std::size_t trim_size = std::min<std::size_t>(
+            static_cast<std::size_t>(std::max<int>(get_items_expected_max(), 1)), original.size());
+        if(original.size() != trim_size) {
+            out.assign(original.begin(), original.begin() + static_cast<results_t::difference_type>(trim_size));
+        }
+    } break;
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::Join:
+        if(original.size() > 1) {
+            out.push_back(detail::join(original, std::string(1, (delimiter_ == '\0') ? '\n' : delimiter_)));
+        }
+        break;
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::Sum:
+        out.push_back(detail::sum_string_vector(original));
+        break;
+    case MultiOptionPolicy::Throw:
+    default: {
+        auto num_min = static_cast<std::size_t>(get_items_expected_min());
+        auto num_max = static_cast<std::size_t>(get_items_expected_max());
+        if(num_min == 0) {
+            num_min = 1;
+        }
+        if(num_max == 0) {
+            num_max = 1;
+        }
+        if(original.size() < num_min) {
+            throw ArgumentMismatch::AtLeast(get_name(), static_cast<int>(num_min), original.size());
+        }
+        if(original.size() > num_max) {
+            if(original.size() == 2 && num_max == 1 && original[1] == "%%" && original[0] == "{}") {
+                // this condition is a trap for the following empty indicator check on config files, it may not be used
+                // anymore
+                out = original;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+            } else {
+                throw ArgumentMismatch::AtMost(get_name(), static_cast<int>(num_max), original.size());
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+    // this check is to allow an empty vector in certain circumstances but not if expected is not zero.
+    // {} is the indicator for an empty container
+    if(out.empty()) {
+        if(original.size() == 1 && original[0] == "{}" && get_items_expected_min() > 0) {
+            out.emplace_back("{}");
+            out.emplace_back("%%");
+        }
+    } else if(out.size() == 1 && out[0] == "{}" && get_items_expected_min() > 0) {
+        out.emplace_back("%%");
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Option::_validate(std::string &result, int index) const {
+    std::string err_msg;
+    if(result.empty() && expected_min_ == 0) {
+        // an empty with nothing expected is allowed
+        return err_msg;
+    }
+    for(const auto &vali : validators_) {
+        auto v = vali->get_application_index();
+        if(v == -1 || v == index) {
+            try {
+                err_msg = (*vali)(result);
+            } catch(const ValidationError &err) {
+                err_msg = err.what();
+            }
+            if(!err_msg.empty())
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return err_msg;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE int Option::_add_result(std::string &&result, std::vector<std::string> &res) const {
+    int result_count = 0;
+
+    // Handle the vector escape possibility all characters duplicated and starting with [[ ending with ]]
+    // this is always a single result
+    if(result.size() >= 4 && result[0] == '[' && result[1] == '[' && result.back() == ']' &&
+       (*(result.end() - 2) == ']')) {
+        // this is an escape clause for odd strings
+        std::string nstrs{'['};
+        bool duplicated{true};
+        for(std::size_t ii = 2; ii < result.size() - 2; ii += 2) {
+            if(result[ii] == result[ii + 1]) {
+                nstrs.push_back(result[ii]);
+            } else {
+                duplicated = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if(duplicated) {
+            nstrs.push_back(']');
+            res.push_back(std::move(nstrs));
+            ++result_count;
+            return result_count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if((allow_extra_args_ || get_expected_max() > 1 || get_type_size() > 1) && !result.empty() &&
+       result.front() == '[' &&
+       result.back() == ']') {  // this is now a vector string likely from the default or user entry
+
+        result.pop_back();
+        result.erase(result.begin());
+        for(auto &var : CLI::detail::split_up(result, ',')) {
+            if(!var.empty()) {
+                result_count += _add_result(std::move(var), res);
+            }
+        }
+        return result_count;
+    }
+    if(delimiter_ == '\0') {
+        res.push_back(std::move(result));
+        ++result_count;
+    } else {
+        if((result.find_first_of(delimiter_) != std::string::npos)) {
+            for(const auto &var : CLI::detail::split(result, delimiter_)) {
+                if(!var.empty()) {
+                    res.push_back(var);
+                    ++result_count;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            res.push_back(std::move(result));
+            ++result_count;
+        }
+    }
+    return result_count;
+}
+// [CLI11:option_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Split_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../Split.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+#include "../Error.hpp"
+#include "../StringTools.hpp"
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:split_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool split_short(const std::string &current, std::string &name, std::string &rest) {
+    if(current.size() > 1 && current[0] == '-' && valid_first_char(current[1])) {
+        name = current.substr(1, 1);
+        rest = current.substr(2);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool split_long(const std::string &current, std::string &name, std::string &value) {
+    if(current.size() > 2 && current.compare(0, 2, "--") == 0 && valid_first_char(current[2])) {
+        auto loc = current.find_first_of('=');
+        if(loc != std::string::npos) {
+            name = current.substr(2, loc - 2);
+            value = current.substr(loc + 1);
+        } else {
+            name = current.substr(2);
+            value = "";
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool split_windows_style(const std::string &current, std::string &name, std::string &value) {
+    if(current.size() > 1 && current[0] == '/' && valid_first_char(current[1])) {
+        auto loc = current.find_first_of(':');
+        if(loc != std::string::npos) {
+            name = current.substr(1, loc - 1);
+            value = current.substr(loc + 1);
+        } else {
+            name = current.substr(1);
+            value = "";
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split_names(std::string current) {
+    std::vector<std::string> output;
+    std::size_t val = 0;
+    while((val = current.find(',')) != std::string::npos) {
+        output.push_back(trim_copy(current.substr(0, val)));
+        current = current.substr(val + 1);
+    }
+    output.push_back(trim_copy(current));
+    return output;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> get_default_flag_values(const std::string &str) {
+    std::vector<std::string> flags = split_names(str);
+    flags.erase(std::remove_if(flags.begin(),
+                               flags.end(),
+                               [](const std::string &name) {
+                                   return ((name.empty()) || (!(((name.find_first_of('{') != std::string::npos) &&
+                                                                 (name.back() == '}')) ||
+                                                                (name[0] == '!'))));
+                               }),
+                flags.end());
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> output;
+    output.reserve(flags.size());
+    for(auto &flag : flags) {
+        auto def_start = flag.find_first_of('{');
+        std::string defval = "false";
+        if((def_start != std::string::npos) && (flag.back() == '}')) {
+            defval = flag.substr(def_start + 1);
+            defval.pop_back();
+            flag.erase(def_start, std::string::npos);  // NOLINT(readability-suspicious-call-argument)
+        }
+        flag.erase(0, flag.find_first_not_of("-!"));
+        output.emplace_back(flag, defval);
+    }
+    return output;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::tuple<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<std::string>, std::string>
+get_names(const std::vector<std::string> &input, bool allow_non_standard) {
+
+    std::vector<std::string> short_names;
+    std::vector<std::string> long_names;
+    std::string pos_name;
+    for(std::string name : input) {
+        if(name.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if(name.length() > 1 && name[0] == '-' && name[1] != '-') {
+            if(name.length() == 2 && valid_first_char(name[1])) {
+                short_names.emplace_back(1, name[1]);
+            } else if(name.length() > 2) {
+                if(allow_non_standard) {
+                    name = name.substr(1);
+                    if(valid_name_string(name)) {
+                        short_names.push_back(name);
+                    } else {
+                        throw BadNameString::BadLongName(name);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    throw BadNameString::MissingDash(name);
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw BadNameString::OneCharName(name);
+            }
+        } else if(name.length() > 2 && name.substr(0, 2) == "--") {
+            name = name.substr(2);
+            if(valid_name_string(name)) {
+                long_names.push_back(name);
+            } else {
+                throw BadNameString::BadLongName(name);
+            }
+        } else if(name == "-" || name == "--" || name == "++") {
+            throw BadNameString::ReservedName(name);
+        } else {
+            if(!pos_name.empty()) {
+                throw BadNameString::MultiPositionalNames(name);
+            }
+            if(valid_name_string(name)) {
+                pos_name = name;
+            } else {
+                throw BadNameString::BadPositionalName(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return std::make_tuple(short_names, long_names, pos_name);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+// [CLI11:split_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/StringTools_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,688 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../StringTools.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <locale>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:string_tools_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool isalpha(const std::string &str) {
+    return std::all_of(str.begin(), str.end(), [](char c) { return std::isalpha(c, std::locale()); });
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string to_lower(std::string str) {
+    std::transform(std::begin(str), std::end(str), std::begin(str), [](const std::string::value_type &x) {
+        return std::tolower(x, std::locale());
+    });
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string &s, char delim) {
+    std::vector<std::string> elems;
+    if(s.empty()) {
+        elems.emplace_back();
+        return elems;
+    }
+
+    std::size_t start = 0;
+    std::size_t end = 0;
+
+    while((end = s.find(delim, start)) != std::string::npos) {
+        elems.push_back(s.substr(start, end - start));
+        start = end + 1;
+    }
+    elems.push_back(s.substr(start));
+    return elems;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &ltrim(std::string &str) {
+    auto it = std::find_if(str.begin(), str.end(), [](char ch) { return !std::isspace<char>(ch, std::locale()); });
+    str.erase(str.begin(), it);
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &ltrim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter) {
+    auto it = std::find_if(str.begin(), str.end(), [&filter](char ch) { return filter.find(ch) == std::string::npos; });
+    str.erase(str.begin(), it);
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &rtrim(std::string &str) {
+    auto it = std::find_if(str.rbegin(), str.rend(), [](char ch) { return !std::isspace<char>(ch, std::locale()); });
+    str.erase(it.base(), str.end());
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &rtrim(std::string &str, const std::string &filter) {
+    auto it =
+        std::find_if(str.rbegin(), str.rend(), [&filter](char ch) { return filter.find(ch) == std::string::npos; });
+    str.erase(it.base(), str.end());
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &remove_quotes(std::string &str) {
+    if(!str.empty() && (str.front() == '"' || str.front() == '\'' || str.front() == '`')) {
+        remove_outer(str, str.front());
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string &remove_outer(std::string &str, char key) {
+    if(str.length() > 1 && (str.front() == key)) {
+        if(str.front() == str.back()) {
+            str.pop_back();
+            str.erase(str.begin(), str.begin() + 1);
+        }
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string fix_newlines(const std::string &leader, std::string input) {
+    std::string::size_type n = 0;
+    while(n != std::string::npos && n < input.size()) {
+        n = input.find_first_of("\r\n", n);
+        if(n != std::string::npos) {
+            input.insert(n + 1, leader);
+            n += leader.size() + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return input;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::ostream &format_aliases(std::ostream &out, const std::vector<std::string> &aliases, std::size_t wid) {
+    if(!aliases.empty()) {
+        out << std::setw(static_cast<int>(wid)) << "     aliases: ";
+        bool front = true;
+        for(const auto &alias : aliases) {
+            if(!front) {
+                out << ", ";
+            } else {
+                front = false;
+            }
+            out << detail::fix_newlines("              ", alias);
+        }
+        out << "\n";
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool valid_name_string(const std::string &str) {
+    if(str.empty() || !valid_first_char(str[0])) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto e = str.end();
+    for(auto c = str.begin() + 1; c != e; ++c)
+        if(!valid_later_char(*c))
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string get_group_separators() {
+    std::string separators{"_'"};
+#if CLI11_HAS_RTTI != 0
+    char group_separator = std::use_facet<std::numpunct<char>>(std::locale()).thousands_sep();
+    separators.push_back(group_separator);
+#endif
+    return separators;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string find_and_replace(std::string str, std::string from, std::string to) {
+
+    std::size_t start_pos = 0;
+
+    while((start_pos = str.find(from, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
+        str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
+        start_pos += to.length();
+    }
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void remove_default_flag_values(std::string &flags) {
+    auto loc = flags.find_first_of('{', 2);
+    while(loc != std::string::npos) {
+        auto finish = flags.find_first_of("},", loc + 1);
+        if((finish != std::string::npos) && (flags[finish] == '}')) {
+            flags.erase(flags.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(loc),
+                        flags.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(finish) + 1);
+        }
+        loc = flags.find_first_of('{', loc + 1);
+    }
+    flags.erase(std::remove(flags.begin(), flags.end(), '!'), flags.end());
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::ptrdiff_t
+find_member(std::string name, const std::vector<std::string> &names, bool ignore_case, bool ignore_underscore) {
+    auto it = std::end(names);
+    if(ignore_case) {
+        if(ignore_underscore) {
+            name = detail::to_lower(detail::remove_underscore(name));
+            it = std::find_if(std::begin(names), std::end(names), [&name](std::string local_name) {
+                return detail::to_lower(detail::remove_underscore(local_name)) == name;
+            });
+        } else {
+            name = detail::to_lower(name);
+            it = std::find_if(std::begin(names), std::end(names), [&name](std::string local_name) {
+                return detail::to_lower(local_name) == name;
+            });
+        }
+
+    } else if(ignore_underscore) {
+        name = detail::remove_underscore(name);
+        it = std::find_if(std::begin(names), std::end(names), [&name](std::string local_name) {
+            return detail::remove_underscore(local_name) == name;
+        });
+    } else {
+        it = std::find(std::begin(names), std::end(names), name);
+    }
+
+    return (it != std::end(names)) ? (it - std::begin(names)) : (-1);
+}
+
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const std::string &escapedChars() {
+    static const std::string s{"\b\t\n\f\r\"\\"};
+    return s;
+}
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const std::string &escapedCharsCode() {
+    static const std::string s{"btnfr\"\\"};
+    return s;
+}
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const std::string &bracketChars() {
+    static const std::string s{"\"'`[(<{"};
+    return s;
+}
+CLI11_MODULE_INLINE const std::string &matchBracketChars() {
+    static const std::string s{"\"'`])>}"};
+    return s;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool has_escapable_character(const std::string &str) {
+    return (str.find_first_of(escapedChars()) != std::string::npos);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string add_escaped_characters(const std::string &str) {
+    std::string out;
+    out.reserve(str.size() + 4);
+    for(char s : str) {
+        auto sloc = escapedChars().find_first_of(s);
+        if(sloc != std::string::npos) {
+            out.push_back('\\');
+            out.push_back(escapedCharsCode()[sloc]);
+        } else {
+            out.push_back(s);
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::uint32_t hexConvert(char hc) {
+    int hcode{0};
+    if(hc >= '0' && hc <= '9') {
+        hcode = (hc - '0');
+    } else if(hc >= 'A' && hc <= 'F') {
+        hcode = (hc - 'A' + 10);
+    } else if(hc >= 'a' && hc <= 'f') {
+        hcode = (hc - 'a' + 10);
+    } else {
+        hcode = -1;
+    }
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(hcode);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE char make_char(std::uint32_t code) { return static_cast<char>(static_cast<unsigned char>(code)); }
+
+CLI11_INLINE void append_codepoint(std::string &str, std::uint32_t code) {
+    if(code < 0x80) {  // ascii code equivalent
+        str.push_back(static_cast<char>(code));
+    } else if(code < 0x800) {  // \u0080 to \u07FF
+        // 110yyyyx 10xxxxxx; 0x3f == 0b0011'1111
+        str.push_back(make_char(0xC0 | code >> 6));
+        str.push_back(make_char(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)));
+    } else if(code < 0x10000) {  // U+0800...U+FFFF
+        if(0xD800 <= code && code <= 0xDFFF) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("[0xD800, 0xDFFF] are not valid code points.");
+        }
+        // 1110yyyy 10yxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+        str.push_back(make_char(0xE0 | code >> 12));
+        str.push_back(make_char(0x80 | (code >> 6 & 0x3F)));
+        str.push_back(make_char(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)));
+    } else if(code < 0x110000) {  // U+010000 ... U+10FFFF
+        // 11110yyy 10yyxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+        str.push_back(make_char(0xF0 | code >> 18));
+        str.push_back(make_char(0x80 | (code >> 12 & 0x3F)));
+        str.push_back(make_char(0x80 | (code >> 6 & 0x3F)));
+        str.push_back(make_char(0x80 | (code & 0x3F)));
+    } else {  // code points above U+10FFFF are not valid
+        throw std::invalid_argument("values above 0x10FFFF are not valid code points.");
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string remove_escaped_characters(const std::string &str) {
+
+    std::string out;
+    out.reserve(str.size());
+    for(auto loc = str.begin(); loc < str.end(); ++loc) {
+        if(*loc == '\\') {
+            if(str.end() - loc < 2) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid escape sequence " + str);
+            }
+            auto ecloc = escapedCharsCode().find_first_of(*(loc + 1));
+            if(ecloc != std::string::npos) {
+                out.push_back(escapedChars()[ecloc]);
+                ++loc;
+            } else if(*(loc + 1) == 'u') {
+                // must have 4 hex characters
+                if(str.end() - loc < 6) {
+                    throw std::invalid_argument("unicode sequence must have 4 hex codes " + str);
+                }
+                std::uint32_t code{0};
+                std::uint32_t mplier{16 * 16 * 16};
+                for(int ii = 2; ii < 6; ++ii) {
+                    std::uint32_t res = hexConvert(*(loc + ii));
+                    if(res > 0x0F) {
+                        throw std::invalid_argument("unicode sequence must have 4 hex codes " + str);
+                    }
+                    code += res * mplier;
+                    mplier = mplier / 16;
+                }
+                append_codepoint(out, code);
+                loc += 5;
+            } else if(*(loc + 1) == 'U') {
+                // must have 8 hex characters
+                if(str.end() - loc < 10) {
+                    throw std::invalid_argument("unicode sequence must have 8 hex codes " + str);
+                }
+                std::uint32_t code{0};
+                std::uint32_t mplier{16 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 16};
+                for(int ii = 2; ii < 10; ++ii) {
+                    std::uint32_t res = hexConvert(*(loc + ii));
+                    if(res > 0x0F) {
+                        throw std::invalid_argument("unicode sequence must have 8 hex codes " + str);
+                    }
+                    code += res * mplier;
+                    mplier = mplier / 16;
+                }
+                append_codepoint(out, code);
+                loc += 9;
+            } else if(*(loc + 1) == '0') {
+                out.push_back('\0');
+                ++loc;
+            } else {
+                throw std::invalid_argument(std::string("unrecognized escape sequence \\") + *(loc + 1) + " in " + str);
+            }
+        } else {
+            out.push_back(*loc);
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::size_t close_string_quote(const std::string &str, std::size_t start, char closure_char) {
+    std::size_t loc{0};
+    for(loc = start + 1; loc < str.size(); ++loc) {
+        if(str[loc] == closure_char) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if(str[loc] == '\\') {
+            // skip the next character for escaped sequences
+            ++loc;
+        }
+    }
+    return loc;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::size_t close_literal_quote(const std::string &str, std::size_t start, char closure_char) {
+    auto loc = str.find_first_of(closure_char, start + 1);
+    return (loc != std::string::npos ? loc : str.size());
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::size_t close_sequence(const std::string &str, std::size_t start, char closure_char) {
+
+    auto bracket_loc = matchBracketChars().find(closure_char);
+    switch(bracket_loc) {
+    case 0:
+        return close_string_quote(str, start, closure_char);
+    case 1:
+    case 2:
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1920
+    case(std::size_t)-1:
+#else
+    case std::string::npos:
+#endif
+        return close_literal_quote(str, start, closure_char);
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    std::string closures(1, closure_char);
+    auto loc = start + 1;
+
+    while(loc < str.size()) {
+        if(str[loc] == closures.back()) {
+            closures.pop_back();
+            if(closures.empty()) {
+                return loc;
+            }
+        }
+        bracket_loc = bracketChars().find(str[loc]);
+        if(bracket_loc != std::string::npos) {
+            switch(bracket_loc) {
+            case 0:
+                loc = close_string_quote(str, loc, str[loc]);
+                break;
+            case 1:
+            case 2:
+                loc = close_literal_quote(str, loc, str[loc]);
+                break;
+            default:
+                closures.push_back(matchBracketChars()[bracket_loc]);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        ++loc;
+    }
+    if(loc > str.size()) {
+        loc = str.size();
+    }
+    return loc;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> split_up(std::string str, char delimiter) {
+
+    auto find_ws = [delimiter](char ch) {
+        return (delimiter == '\0') ? std::isspace<char>(ch, std::locale()) : (ch == delimiter);
+    };
+    trim(str);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> output;
+    while(!str.empty()) {
+        if(bracketChars().find_first_of(str[0]) != std::string::npos) {
+            auto bracketLoc = bracketChars().find_first_of(str[0]);
+            auto end = close_sequence(str, 0, matchBracketChars()[bracketLoc]);
+            if(end >= str.size()) {
+                output.push_back(std::move(str));
+                str.clear();
+            } else {
+                output.push_back(str.substr(0, end + 1));
+                // The character following a closing quote/bracket is normally a delimiter and is
+                // consumed.  If it is an ordinary character it must be retained (resume from it) so
+                // no characters are silently lost (e.g. `"abc"def` -> {"abc", "def"}).  However if it
+                // is itself a quote/bracket opening character, resuming from it would start a fresh
+                // (potentially unterminated) quoted sequence that could swallow later delimiters, so
+                // it is skipped like the original delimiter case to keep splitting well behaved.
+                char follow = str[end + 1];
+                bool skip_follow = find_ws(follow) || (bracketChars().find_first_of(follow) != std::string::npos);
+                auto next = skip_follow ? end + 2 : end + 1;
+                if(next < str.size()) {
+                    str = str.substr(next);
+                } else {
+                    str.clear();
+                }
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(str), std::end(str), find_ws);
+            if(it != std::end(str)) {
+                std::string value = std::string(str.begin(), it);
+                output.push_back(value);
+                str = std::string(it + 1, str.end());
+            } else {
+                output.push_back(str);
+                str.clear();
+            }
+        }
+        trim(str);
+    }
+    return output;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::size_t escape_detect(std::string &str, std::size_t offset) {
+    auto next = str[offset + 1];
+    if((next == '\"') || (next == '\'') || (next == '`')) {
+        if(offset == 0) {
+            // nothing precedes the trigger character, so there is nothing to reinterpret
+            return offset + 1;
+        }
+        auto astart = str.find_last_of("-/ \"\'`", offset - 1);
+        if(astart != std::string::npos) {
+            if(str[astart] == ((str[offset] == '=') ? '-' : '/'))
+                str[offset] = ' ';  // interpret this as a space so the split_up works properly
+        }
+    }
+    return offset + 1;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string binary_escape_string(const std::string &string_to_escape, bool force) {
+    // s is our escaped output string
+    std::string escaped_string{};
+    // loop through all characters
+    for(char c : string_to_escape) {
+        // check if a given character is printable
+        // the cast is necessary to avoid undefined behaviour
+        if(isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) == 0) {
+            std::stringstream stream;
+            // if the character is not printable
+            // we'll convert it to a hex string using a stringstream
+            // note that since char is signed we have to cast it to unsigned first
+            stream << std::hex << static_cast<unsigned int>(static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
+            std::string code = stream.str();
+            escaped_string += std::string("\\x") + (code.size() < 2 ? "0" : "") + code;
+        } else if(c == 'x' || c == 'X') {
+            // need to check for inadvertent binary sequences
+            if(!escaped_string.empty() && escaped_string.back() == '\\') {
+                escaped_string += std::string("\\x") + (c == 'x' ? "78" : "58");
+            } else {
+                escaped_string.push_back(c);
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            escaped_string.push_back(c);
+        }
+    }
+    if(escaped_string != string_to_escape || force) {
+        auto sqLoc = escaped_string.find('\'');
+        while(sqLoc != std::string::npos) {
+            escaped_string[sqLoc] = '\\';
+            escaped_string.insert(sqLoc + 1, "x27");
+            sqLoc = escaped_string.find('\'', sqLoc + 4);
+        }
+        escaped_string.insert(0, "'B\"(");
+        escaped_string.push_back(')');
+        escaped_string.push_back('"');
+        escaped_string.push_back('\'');
+    }
+    return escaped_string;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool is_binary_escaped_string(const std::string &escaped_string) {
+    size_t ssize = escaped_string.size();
+    if(escaped_string.compare(0, 3, "B\"(") == 0 && escaped_string.compare(ssize - 2, 2, ")\"") == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return (escaped_string.compare(0, 4, "'B\"(") == 0 && escaped_string.compare(ssize - 3, 3, ")\"'") == 0);
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string extract_binary_string(const std::string &escaped_string) {
+    std::size_t start{0};
+    std::size_t tail{0};
+    size_t ssize = escaped_string.size();
+    if(escaped_string.compare(0, 3, "B\"(") == 0 && escaped_string.compare(ssize - 2, 2, ")\"") == 0) {
+        start = 3;
+        tail = 2;
+    } else if(escaped_string.compare(0, 4, "'B\"(") == 0 && escaped_string.compare(ssize - 3, 3, ")\"'") == 0) {
+        start = 4;
+        tail = 3;
+    }
+
+    if(start == 0) {
+        return escaped_string;
+    }
+    std::string outstring;
+
+    outstring.reserve(ssize - start - tail);
+    std::size_t loc = start;
+    while(loc < ssize - tail) {
+        // ssize-2 to skip )" at the end
+        if(escaped_string[loc] == '\\' && (escaped_string[loc + 1] == 'x' || escaped_string[loc + 1] == 'X')) {
+            auto c1 = escaped_string[loc + 2];
+            auto c2 = escaped_string[loc + 3];
+
+            std::uint32_t res1 = hexConvert(c1);
+            std::uint32_t res2 = hexConvert(c2);
+            if(res1 <= 0x0F && res2 <= 0x0F) {
+                loc += 4;
+                outstring.push_back(static_cast<char>(res1 * 16 + res2));
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        outstring.push_back(escaped_string[loc]);
+        ++loc;
+    }
+    return outstring;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void remove_quotes(std::vector<std::string> &args) {
+    for(auto &arg : args) {
+        if(arg.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if(arg.front() == '\"' && arg.back() == '\"') {
+            remove_quotes(arg);
+            // only remove escaped for string arguments not literal strings
+            arg = remove_escaped_characters(arg);
+        } else {
+            remove_quotes(arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void handle_secondary_array(std::string &str) {
+    if(str.size() >= 2 && str.front() == '[' && str.back() == ']') {
+        // handle some special array processing for arguments if it might be interpreted as a secondary array
+        std::string tstr{"[["};
+        for(std::size_t ii = 1; ii < str.size(); ++ii) {
+            tstr.push_back(str[ii]);
+            tstr.push_back(str[ii]);
+        }
+        str = std::move(tstr);
+    }
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE bool
+process_quoted_string(std::string &str, char string_char, char literal_char, bool disable_secondary_array_processing) {
+    if(str.size() <= 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if(detail::is_binary_escaped_string(str)) {
+        str = detail::extract_binary_string(str);
+        if(!disable_secondary_array_processing)
+            handle_secondary_array(str);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(str.front() == string_char && str.back() == string_char) {
+        detail::remove_outer(str, string_char);
+        if(str.find_first_of('\\') != std::string::npos) {
+            str = detail::remove_escaped_characters(str);
+        }
+        if(!disable_secondary_array_processing)
+            handle_secondary_array(str);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if((str.front() == literal_char || str.front() == '`') && str.back() == str.front()) {
+        detail::remove_outer(str, str.front());
+        if(!disable_secondary_array_processing)
+            handle_secondary_array(str);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string get_environment_value(const std::string &env_name) {
+    std::string ename_string;
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    // Windows version
+    char *buffer = nullptr;
+    std::size_t sz = 0;
+    if(_dupenv_s(&buffer, &sz, env_name.c_str()) == 0 && buffer != nullptr) {
+        ename_string = std::string(buffer);
+        free(buffer);
+    }
+#else
+    // This also works on Windows, but gives a warning
+
+    // MISRA static analysis need. MISRACPP2023-25_5_2-a-1
+    const char *buffer = nullptr;
+    buffer = std::getenv(env_name.c_str());
+    if(buffer != nullptr) {
+        ename_string = std::string(buffer);
+    }
+#endif
+    return ename_string;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::ostream &streamOutAsParagraph(std::ostream &out,
+                                                const std::string &text,
+                                                std::size_t paragraphWidth,
+                                                const std::string &linePrefix,
+                                                bool skipPrefixOnFirstLine) {
+    std::istringstream lss(text);
+    std::string line = "";
+    while(std::getline(lss, line)) {
+        std::istringstream iss(line);
+        std::string word = "";
+        std::size_t charsWritten = 0;
+
+        if(!skipPrefixOnFirstLine)
+            out << linePrefix;
+        skipPrefixOnFirstLine = false;  // subsequent lines always get the prefix
+
+        while(iss >> word) {
+            if(charsWritten > 0 && (word.length() + 1 + charsWritten > paragraphWidth)) {
+                out << '\n' << linePrefix;
+                charsWritten = 0;
+            }
+            if(charsWritten == 0) {
+                out << word;
+                charsWritten += word.length();
+            } else {
+                out << ' ' << word;
+                charsWritten += word.length() + 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if(!lss.eof())
+            out << '\n';
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+// [CLI11:string_tools_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/TypeTools_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+
+// This include is only needed for IDEs to discover symbols
+#include "../TypeTools.hpp"
+
+#include "../StringTools.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <limits>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:type_tools_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+namespace detail {
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::int64_t to_flag_value(std::string val) noexcept {
+    static const std::string trueString("true");
+    static const std::string falseString("false");
+    if(val == trueString) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if(val == falseString) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    val = detail::to_lower(std::move(val));
+    std::int64_t ret = 0;
+    if(val.size() == 1) {
+        if(val[0] >= '1' && val[0] <= '9') {
+            return (static_cast<std::int64_t>(val[0]) - '0');
+        }
+        switch(val[0]) {
+        case '0':
+        case 'f':
+        case 'n':
+        case '-':
+            ret = -1;
+            break;
+        case 't':
+        case 'y':
+        case '+':
+            ret = 1;
+            break;
+        default:
+            errno = EINVAL;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+    if(val == trueString || val == "on" || val == "yes" || val == "enable") {
+        ret = 1;
+    } else if(val == falseString || val == "off" || val == "no" || val == "disable") {
+        ret = -1;
+    } else {
+        char *loc_ptr{nullptr};
+        ret = std::strtoll(val.c_str(), &loc_ptr, 0);
+        if(loc_ptr != (val.c_str() + val.size()) && errno == 0) {
+            errno = EINVAL;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string sum_string_vector(const std::vector<std::string> &values) {
+    // First try a pure integer sum so that large integral totals (>= 1e16, or beyond the 2^53 mantissa of
+    // double) are preserved exactly and rendered as a plain integer rather than scientific notation
+    std::int64_t ival{0};
+    bool int_sum{true};
+    for(const auto &arg : values) {
+        std::int64_t tv{0};
+        if(!integral_conversion(arg, tv)) {
+            int_sum = false;
+            break;
+        }
+        // detect signed overflow before performing the addition since signed overflow is undefined behavior
+        if((tv > 0 && ival > (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)() - tv) ||
+           (tv < 0 && ival < (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() - tv)) {
+            int_sum = false;
+            break;
+        }
+        ival += tv;
+    }
+    if(int_sum) {
+        return std::to_string(ival);
+    }
+
+    double val{0.0};
+    bool fail{false};
+    std::string output;
+    for(const auto &arg : values) {
+        double tv{0.0};
+        auto comp = lexical_cast(arg, tv);
+        if(!comp) {
+            errno = 0;
+            auto fv = detail::to_flag_value(arg);
+            fail = (errno != 0);
+            if(fail) {
+                break;
+            }
+            tv = static_cast<double>(fv);
+        }
+        val += tv;
+    }
+    if(fail) {
+        for(const auto &arg : values) {
+            output.append(arg);
+        }
+    } else {
+        std::ostringstream out;
+        out.precision(16);
+        out << val;
+        output = out.str();
+    }
+    return output;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+// [CLI11:type_tools_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI

3rd/CLI11/include/CLI/impl/Validators_inl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#pragma once
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "CLI/CLI.hpp"
+#include "../Validators.hpp"
+
+#include "../Encoding.hpp"
+#include "../Macros.hpp"
+#include "../StringTools.hpp"
+#include "../TypeTools.hpp"
+
+// [CLI11:public_includes:set]
+#include <functional>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <utility>
+// [CLI11:public_includes:end]
+
+namespace CLI {
+// [CLI11:validators_inl_hpp:verbatim]
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator::Validator(std::string validator_desc, std::function<std::string(std::string &)> func)
+    : desc_function_([validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; }), func_(std::move(func)) {}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator::Validator(std::function<std::string(std::string &)> op,
+                                  std::string validator_desc,
+                                  std::string validator_name)
+    : desc_function_([validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; }), func_(std::move(op)),
+      name_(std::move(validator_name)) {}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Validator::operator()(std::string &str) const {
+    std::string retstring;
+    if(active_) {
+        if(non_modifying_) {
+            std::string value = str;
+            retstring = func_(value);
+        } else {
+            retstring = func_(str);
+        }
+    }
+    return retstring;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::string Validator::operator()(const std::string &str) const {
+    std::string value = str;
+    return (active_) ? func_(value) : std::string{};
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::description(std::string validator_desc) const {
+    Validator newval(*this);
+    newval.desc_function_ = [validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; };
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string Validator::get_description() const {
+    if(active_) {
+        return desc_function_();
+    }
+    return std::string{};
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::name(std::string validator_name) const {
+    Validator newval(*this);
+    newval.name_ = std::move(validator_name);
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::active(bool active_val) const {
+    Validator newval(*this);
+    newval.active_ = active_val;
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::application_index(int app_index) const {
+    Validator newval(*this);
+    newval.application_index_ = app_index;
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::operator&(const Validator &other) const {
+    Validator newval;
+
+    newval._merge_description(*this, other, " AND ");
+
+    // Give references (will make a copy in lambda function)
+    const std::function<std::string(std::string & filename)> &f1 = func_;
+    const std::function<std::string(std::string & filename)> &f2 = other.func_;
+
+    newval.func_ = [f1, f2](std::string &input) {
+        std::string s1 = f1(input);
+        std::string s2 = f2(input);
+        if(!s1.empty() && !s2.empty())
+            return std::string("(") + s1 + ") AND (" + s2 + ")";
+        return s1 + s2;
+    };
+
+    newval.active_ = active_ && other.active_;
+    newval.application_index_ = application_index_;
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::operator|(const Validator &other) const {
+    Validator newval;
+
+    newval._merge_description(*this, other, " OR ");
+
+    // Give references (will make a copy in lambda function)
+    const std::function<std::string(std::string &)> &f1 = func_;
+    const std::function<std::string(std::string &)> &f2 = other.func_;
+
+    newval.func_ = [f1, f2](std::string &input) {
+        std::string s1 = f1(input);
+        std::string s2 = f2(input);
+        if(s1.empty() || s2.empty())
+            return std::string();
+
+        return std::string("(") + s1 + ") OR (" + s2 + ")";
+    };
+    newval.active_ = active_ && other.active_;
+    newval.application_index_ = application_index_;
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE Validator Validator::operator!() const {
+    Validator newval;
+    const std::function<std::string()> &dfunc1 = desc_function_;
+    newval.desc_function_ = [dfunc1]() {
+        auto str = dfunc1();
+        return (!str.empty()) ? std::string("NOT ") + str : std::string{};
+    };
+    // Give references (will make a copy in lambda function)
+    const std::function<std::string(std::string & res)> &f1 = func_;
+
+    newval.func_ = [f1, dfunc1](std::string &test) -> std::string {
+        std::string s1 = f1(test);
+        if(s1.empty()) {
+            return std::string("check ") + dfunc1() + " succeeded improperly";
+        }
+        return std::string{};
+    };
+    newval.active_ = active_;
+    newval.application_index_ = application_index_;
+    return newval;
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE void
+Validator::_merge_description(const Validator &val1, const Validator &val2, const std::string &merger) {
+
+    const std::function<std::string()> &dfunc1 = val1.desc_function_;
+    const std::function<std::string()> &dfunc2 = val2.desc_function_;
+
+    desc_function_ = [=]() {
+        std::string f1 = dfunc1();
+        std::string f2 = dfunc2();
+        if((f1.empty()) || (f2.empty())) {
+            return f1 + f2;
+        }
+        return std::string(1, '(') + f1 + ')' + merger + '(' + f2 + ')';
+    };
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
+CLI11_INLINE path_type check_path(const char *file) noexcept {
+    std::error_code ec;
+    auto stat = std::filesystem::status(to_path(file), ec);
+    if(ec) {
+        return path_type::nonexistent;
+    }
+    switch(stat.type()) {
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::none:  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::not_found:
+        return path_type::nonexistent;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::directory:
+        return path_type::directory;
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::symlink:
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::block:
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::character:
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::fifo:
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::socket:
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::regular:
+    case std::filesystem::file_type::unknown:
+    default:
+        return path_type::file;
+    }
+}
+#else
+CLI11_INLINE path_type check_path(const char *file) noexcept {
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    struct __stat64 buffer;
+    if(_stat64(file, &buffer) == 0) {
+        return ((buffer.st_mode & S_IFDIR) != 0) ? path_type::directory : path_type::file;
+    }
+#else
+    struct stat buffer;
+    if(stat(file, &buffer) == 0) {
+        return ((buffer.st_mode & S_IFDIR) != 0) ? path_type::directory : path_type::file;
+    }
+#endif
+    return path_type::nonexistent;
+}
+#endif
+
+CLI11_INLINE ExistingFileValidator::ExistingFileValidator() : Validator("FILE") {
+    func_ = [](std::string &filename) -> std::string {
+        if(filename.empty())
+            return std::string("File name is missing.");
+
+        auto path_result = check_path(filename.c_str());
+        if(path_result == path_type::nonexistent) {
+            return "File does not exist: " + filename;
+        }
+        if(path_result == path_type::directory) {
+            return "File is actually a directory: " + filename;
+        }
+        return std::string();
+    };
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE ExistingDirectoryValidator::ExistingDirectoryValidator() : Validator("DIR") {
+    func_ = [](std::string &filename) {
+        auto path_result = check_path(filename.c_str());
+        if(path_result == path_type::nonexistent) {
+            return "Directory does not exist: " + filename;
+        }
+        if(path_result == path_type::file) {
+            return "Directory is actually a file: " + filename;
+        }
+        return std::string();
+    };
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE ExistingPathValidator::ExistingPathValidator() : Validator("PATH(existing)") {
+    func_ = [](std::string &filename) {
+        auto path_result = check_path(filename.c_str());
+        if(path_result == path_type::nonexistent) {
+            return "Path does not exist: " + filename;
+        }
+        return std::string();
+    };
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE NonexistentPathValidator::NonexistentPathValidator() : Validator("PATH(non-existing)") {
+    func_ = [](std::string &filename) {
+        auto path_result = check_path(filename.c_str());
+        if(path_result != path_type::nonexistent) {
+            return "Path already exists: " + filename;
+        }
+        return std::string();
+    };
+}
+
+CLI11_INLINE EscapedStringTransformer::EscapedStringTransformer() {
+    func_ = [](std::string &str) {
+        try {
+            if(str.size() > 1 && (str.front() == '\"' || str.front() == '\'' || str.front() == '`') &&
+               str.front() == str.back()) {
+                process_quoted_string(str);
+            } else if(str.find_first_of('\\') != std::string::npos) {
+                if(detail::is_binary_escaped_string(str)) {
+                    str = detail::extract_binary_string(str);
+                } else {
+                    str = remove_escaped_characters(str);
+                }
+            }
+            return std::string{};
+        } catch(const std::invalid_argument &ia) {
+            return std::string(ia.what());
+        }
+    };
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+CLI11_INLINE FileOnDefaultPath::FileOnDefaultPath(std::string default_path, bool enableErrorReturn)
+    : Validator("FILE") {
+    func_ = [default_path, enableErrorReturn](std::string &filename) {
+        auto path_result = detail::check_path(filename.c_str());
+        if(path_result == detail::path_type::nonexistent) {
+            std::string test_file_path = default_path;
+            if(!default_path.empty() && default_path.back() != '/' && default_path.back() != '\\') {
+                // Add folder separator
+                test_file_path += '/';
+            }
+            test_file_path.append(filename);
+            path_result = detail::check_path(test_file_path.c_str());
+            if(path_result == detail::path_type::file) {
+                filename = test_file_path;
+            } else {
+                if(enableErrorReturn) {
+                    return "File does not exist: " + filename;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return std::string{};
+    };
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+CLI11_INLINE std::pair<std::string, std::string> split_program_name(std::string commandline) {
+    // try to determine the programName
+    std::pair<std::string, std::string> vals;
+    trim(commandline);
+    auto esp = commandline.find_first_of(' ', 1);
+    while(detail::check_path(commandline.substr(0, esp).c_str()) != path_type::file) {
+        if(esp == std::string::npos) {
+            // if we have reached the end and haven't found a valid file just assume the first argument is the
+            // program name
+            if(commandline[0] == '"' || commandline[0] == '\'' || commandline[0] == '`') {
+                bool embeddedQuote = false;
+                auto keyChar = commandline[0];
+                auto end = commandline.find_first_of(keyChar, 1);
+                while((end != std::string::npos) && (commandline[end - 1] == '\\')) {  // deal with escaped quotes
+                    end = commandline.find_first_of(keyChar, end + 1);
+                    embeddedQuote = true;
+                }
+                if(end != std::string::npos) {
+                    vals.first = commandline.substr(1, end - 1);
+                    esp = end + 1;
+                    if(embeddedQuote) {
+                        vals.first = find_and_replace(vals.first, std::string("\\") + keyChar, std::string(1, keyChar));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    esp = commandline.find_first_of(' ', 1);
+                }
+            } else {
+                esp = commandline.find_first_of(' ', 1);
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+        esp = commandline.find_first_of(' ', esp + 1);
+    }
+    if(vals.first.empty()) {
+        vals.first = commandline.substr(0, esp);
+        rtrim(vals.first);
+    }
+
+    // strip the program name
+    vals.second = (esp < commandline.length() - 1) ? commandline.substr(esp + 1) : std::string{};
+    ltrim(vals.second);
+    return vals;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// [CLI11:validators_inl_hpp:end]
+}  // namespace CLI